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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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cell theory
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cells are the unit of life
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cells all have
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plasma membrane, metabolism to generate complex molecules, and capacity for reproduction
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Two major classes of cells
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eukaryotes and prokaryotes
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prokaryotes
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no nuclear envelope. single cell
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eukaryotes
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has a nuclear envelope. Includes protista, fungi, plants, animals; single cell and multicellular; cell differentiation, specialization and intercellular communication.
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Viruses
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20-300nm size. DNA(RNA)+ protein capsule. not cells, but highly specialized parasites; specific for host cell.gene 1kbase, several proteins for coat, infection and control of host metabolism. variety of shapes
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Examples of prokaryotes
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mycoplasma, bacteria and blue-green algae.
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mycoplasma
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simpliest cells. 100nm in size. DNA 750 kb, 500-1000 different proteins. Produce disease in animals and plants (pleuropneumonia).
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Bacteria
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1-10 micrometers. 3000kb DNA, 2mm long; several thousand different proteins. Metabolism diverse: aerobic, anaerobic, nitrogen fixation, sulfur, severe environment, photosynthetic, spores.
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Special features of bacteria
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respiration produces ATP and proton gradient across PM. PM provides selective transport. Contains bacteriochlorphyll that do photosynthesis in membrane sacs enfolded from the PM. Motility produced by rotary engine in plasma membrane rotating stiff helical bacterial flagella(flagellin). DNA not complexed with proteins. ribosomes similar but distinct. DNA structure and ribosomes similar to those in mitochondria and chloroplasts. cell division by fission, mesosome structure involved.
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mesosome
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enfolding of the plasma membrane
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blue-green algae (cyanobacteria)
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photosynthetic; contain unique pigments, the phycobilins-phycocyanin (blue) and phycoerythin (red) plus chlorophyll a. Fix CO2 and N2 into organic molecules. Evolution of electron source: H2S-->H2O:O2
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lamins
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lamins of the nuclear envelope provides mechanical strength . causes at least 70 diseases in humans
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plasma membrane
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selective transport, receptors, connectors
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nucleus
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DNA complexed with histones; double membrane with pores
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smooth endoplamsic reticulum (SER)
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lipid synthesis; calcium regulation
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ribosomes in cytosol
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synthesis for secretion
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rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)
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site protein synthesis for secretion
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golgi
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glycosylation, packaging for secretion. chemically modifies/receives molecules maded in ER
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lysosomes
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digestion
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coated vesicles
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endo and exocytosis
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mitochondiria
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aerobic respiration; own DNA and ribosomes like a bacteria; double membrane. reproduces by dividing in two.
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intercellular junctions
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gap,tight, desmosomes or plasmadesmada
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extracellular matrix
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ex. glycocalyx (animals) or cellulose (plants)
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cytoskeleton (actin-myosin, microtubules, intermediate filament)
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cell motility, organelle transport, cell morphogenesis and cell division).
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plants (vs animal) cell structure
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rigid cell wall (cells do not move, but exhibit vigorous cytoplasmic streaming). chloroplasts and other plastids; photosynthesis; own DNA and ribosomes; double membrane.
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cell specialization and differentiation
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protozoa, yeast (single celled). mutlicellular organsims
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model genetic organsims
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yeast, arabidopsis, c.elegans, drosophila, mouse
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cell division (prokaryotes vs. eukaryotes)
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binary fission vs. mitosis (or meiosis)
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cytoplasm (prokaryotes vs. eukaryotes)
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no: cytoskeleton, cytoplasmic stremaing, endocytosis, or exocytosis vs. cytoskeleton composed of protein filaments cytoplasmic streaming; endocytosis and exocytosis
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RNA and protein (prokaryotes vs. eukaryotes)
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RNA and proteinn synthesized in the same compartment vs RNA synthesized and processed in nucleus; proteins synthesized in cytoplasm
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central dogma of cells
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dna-->(transcription)-->mRNA-->(translation)--> proteins
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genome
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entire collection of genes of an organism
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