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124 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Phylum Nemertea- What are they? |
Ribbon or Proboscis Worms |
What is another name for them? |
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T/ F: Phylum Ectoprocta are Triploblasts |
True |
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Phylum Ectoprocta |
-"goblet worms"-characterized by solid tentacles that form a circle- look like hydroid cnidarians, have ciliated tentacles. |
Tiny phylum- look like mini goblets |
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Phylum Cycliophora |
-very small (size and species number)-Only on the mouth of certain lobsters |
Lobsters |
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Lophotrochozoa |
Belong to bilateria, are protostomes. -Include: Byrozoa, Platyhelminthes, Annelida,Brachiopoda, nemertini, mollusca, |
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Phylum Nemertea |
-1300 species (terrestrial and marine) -Known for Proboscis in Rhynchocoel cavity (mesodermal=coelom) - uses their esophogus as a muscle to grab its food. -proboscis can be slimy or poisonous |
Remember weird worm and videa |
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Trochozoans |
-small planktonic larva with rings of cilia around the mouth -uses cilia for swimming and getting food |
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Phylum Mollusca |
-Super diverse (85,000 species) -Disparate (8 classes!) - most are small but also include giant squid! |
2nd to Anthropods in species |
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Molluscs are important to us? |
1. Food (we eat lots of them) 2. We use pearls and shells as currency 3. Bioindicators- can show us when environment is getting bad, and filter water (like oysters) 4. pests- can be invasive (zebra mussels), intermediate hosts 5. Research- big nerve cells and giant axons, also strongest biological structure on earth- abalone shells) |
5 Reasons! FCBPR |
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What are 2 characteristics of a mollusc? |
1.Visceral Mass 2. Head foot |
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Head foot includes: |
-needed for sensory and locomotion -most have a well developed head with sense organs (brain, eyespots, tentacles) |
what is it needed for? |
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Radula |
-Not FOUND IN BIVALVE -Chitinous ribbon of teeth, that moves over an odontophore cartilage and can odontophore can move it in and out. |
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cEMK3VN8pW8 |
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The Foot |
-used for locomotion (cilia, muscular contractions, and mucus), Cephalopods, modified siphon for jet propulsion |
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Visceral Mass |
-contains the internal organs, (digestive, excretory, respiratory, and reproductive) -includes the mantle and mantle cavity |
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Mantle |
-"the skin" -can have muscles or chemoreceptors -makes the shell if the organism has one -the surrounding tissues |
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Mantal Cavity |
Open to "world" -where the folds connect -can be for excretion -where it poops, pees, reproduction, and O2 exchange |
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Three layers of Mantle |
(made by outer layer of mantle) 1. Periostracum 2.Prismatic Layer 3. Nacre |
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Periostracum |
Outer organic layer (resistant protein conchiolin) -is like the skin of a shell |
(outside) |
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Prismatic Layer |
-Thickest layer -calcium carbonate plates in proteinacious mix (some of the strongest material on earth) |
-super strong! |
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Nacre |
"pearly layer" -pretty, shiny, smooth layer -continuously thickens -where pearls come from! -calcium carbonate and protein sheets |
-think of pearls |
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Explain Pearls! |
-form when irritating debris gets between shell and mantle -innermost layer is nacreous layer, which continously grows -coats in layer of nacre |
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Internal characteristics of Molluscs |
-Bilaterally symmetric coelomates (reduced coeloms) -HEART IS ONLY COELOMATIC CAVITY -Mantle/mantle cavity used for respiration -Most have open circulatory system (cephlopods have closed) -Complex digestive system -Nervous system varies, large nerve cells |
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Reproduction is Molluscs |
-Always sexual -diocieous or monoecious - some have TROCHOPHORE larvae (aquatic larvae) -Veliger larvae common in aquatic forms- mini mollusc (has an early shell and ciliated foot like structure) -Cephlapods and Land snails have direct development |
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Molluscs Classes Caudofoveata and Solenogastres (The Aplocophorans) |
-wormlike and shell-less -calcareous sclaes/spicules -marine detrital/microorganism consumers (burrowers) -reduced head, no foot |
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Molluscs Class Monoplacophora |
-"one plate" -thought to be extinct -round shell, large foot -serial repetition of body parts (gillsm nerves, gonads, nephridia) |
-resemble limpets in the gastropods |
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Mollusc Class Polyplacophora |
-"many plates"- kind of like armadillos, have 8 movable plates -Mantle girdle around outside - Serial repetition seen, lots of internal and extermal structures like gills and nerves -Found in the intertidal rocky areas |
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Molluscs Class Scaphopoda |
-"tusk shells/tooth shells" - Sedintary -tubular shell is open at both ends, stick and called the CAPTACULA -tentacular foot for burrowing and food capture -Oxygen diffuses right through internal walls in the mantle |
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Mollusc Class Gastropoda |
"stomach foot" -most diverse class (60,000+) -includes snails, limpets, sea slugs, periwrinkles -Marine, freshwater, terrestrial -shell is the main defence (because they are typically pretty slow) |
Think snails |
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3 main groups of gastropods |
1. Prosobranchia -most marine smails (limpets, conchs) 2. Opithobranchia -mostly marine, shell-less forms and have no gills- instead they have dorsal extensions called CERRATA. (POISONOUS) 3.Pulmonata -most land and freshwater snails and slugs (mantle cavity into lungs) |
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Torsion |
-180 degrees rotation of the mantle/mantle cavity -happens in VELIGER larval stage |
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Coiling |
Whorling of the shell to the right side of the body (results in the spiral on the shell), no right mantle cavity. -also happens in Veliger larval stage, but evolved first) |
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Feeding in gastropods |
-all feed with some variation of a radula -some scrape algae, eat dead fish and drill into other mollusc shells and suck out their insides. -herbivorous, carnivours, scavengers -cone snail- proboscis that harpoons fish |
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Gastropod SEX |
-can be dioecious or monoecious -fertilization is internal -Marine forms VELIGER LARVAL stage -terrestrial, baby snails -Simultaneous hermaphrodites, share and ACCEPT sperm. -both accept sperm, but stab eachother in the head to put it there. -love darts are mating sperm booster -have orgies |
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Mollusc Class Bivalvia- "two valves" |
-no head, no radula -laterally compressed shell -hinged dorsally, gape open ventrally -sedentary suspension feeders use mucous covered gills, water flow created by its beating cilia. -burrowing forms(clams) have a large musclular foot from the anterior/ventral end. -siphons are made from the mantle -umbo is oldest part of the shell (hinge) -Adductor muscles open and close the shell |
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Bivalve internal features |
Gills- (called CTENIDIA) used for feeding and respiration - good food is sorted into bolus in the anterior end where it gets eaten |
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Bivalve locomotion |
-are mostly filter or suspension feeders using CTENIDIA. -use foot to burrow -adductor muscles to swim (scallops to swim) -And some are sessile, -Byssal threads-(mussels) -Oysters secrete a cement to attach themselves to rocks and such |
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Cephlopoda |
-"the head foot"- indistingishable (siphon comes from the foot) -exclusively marine -4 distinctions: -squids -octopuses -cuddlefish -Nautiluses |
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Shells in Cephlopods |
Nautiloids- large shells (remnants of ancient group AMMONITES) shell gas regulates! Cuttlefish -internal shells in mantle Squid- Proteinacious pen Octopus- no shell at all |
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Locomotion in Cephlopods |
- fins, arms, and jet propulsion (shoots water out of the siphon-modified foot) to shoot the animal backwards. |
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Basic Body Plan of Cephlopods |
- 1 pair of gills -8 arms (squid and cuttlefish have extra 2 tentacles) -CLOSED circulatory system w/ multiple hearts -Nervous system includes big brain, large lensed eyes and great control over arms |
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Camouflage and Ink in Cephlopods |
-4 cell types (chromatophores) - Ink sac- melanin and mucus, comes out the rectum. |
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Reproduction in Cephlopods |
Dioecious -lots of competition for mates -sperm is passed in packets to female -eggs are laid on sea floor, and are watched by females -direct development, out of egg pops baby cephalopod |
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ANNELIDS as Lophotochozoans |
-protostomes -coelomates -triploblastic -trochozoans |
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COMPARE ANNELIDS TO MOLLUSCS |
-Both are greater lophotrophozoans -Annelids coelom allows for hydrostatic skeleton - Annelids can change shape rapidly Molluscs- shell prevents large shape changes -Coelom reduced to pericardial cavity |
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Annelid locomotion |
-Coelom filled with fluid, creating hydrostatic skeleton -contraction of longitudinal muscles- body shortens and expands -contraction of circular muscles, body narrows and lengthens -Peristalsis- alternating contractions -swimming annalids use undulatory movements (muscles) |
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Phylum Annelida- "ringed worms" |
-also called "bristle worms" -Setae (chiton little bristles) -15,000 species (marine, freshwat, damp terrestr.) -all lifestyles, deposit feeders, predactors, suspension feeders, parasites (leeches). -closed circulatory system with pumping hearts -centralized nervous system w/ good cephalization |
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Defining Annelid Features |
-Setae- chitinous, epidermal bristles -helps in burrowing, like little anchers Parapodia- "paddle-like feet" -used in swimming and respiration (used like gills) |
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Annalid basic Body Plan |
-2 part head (prostomium and peristomium) -numerous segments -Terminal Pygidium (kinda like the butt): new segments -epidermis coverented in thin-non chitinous cuticle |
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Pleistoannelida: Errantia |
-motile poluchaetes "many long hairs" -mostly marine -well developed sense organs and cephilization -ARE POLYCHAETES |
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Pleistoannelida: sedentaria |
- contains former olichaetes, echira, etc. |
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Sedentaria Polychaetes |
-cilia and mucus and food groves in tentacles |
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Sedentaria: Siboglinidae |
"beared worms" -eat via absorption, deep sea, chill near hydrothermal bents or endosymbiotic bacteria |
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Sedentaria: Echiuridae |
-unsegmented, flattened |
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Sedentaria: Clitellata |
-3000 species -earthworms! -well developed circulatory, digestive, and excretory system! NEPHRIDIA- cool little funnel that filters coelomic fluid |
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Carnivorous Leeches |
Kinabalu giant red leech from Borneo- only eats other worms, about 30 cm long |
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Phylum SIPUNCULA |
-the Peanut worm -250 species -not segmented and no setae -ciliated introverted feeding tentacles -not annelids but they are their closest relative! |
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KNOW THIS STUFF!!! |
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RECAP OF ANNELIDA |
(according to new tb) -Errantia and Sedentaria -errantia- motile polychaetes -sedentaria= tube/burrow polychaetes, siboglinidae, Echiuridae, and Clitellata (contains Oligochates and Hirudinida) -Phylum Sipunula |
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Sedentaria: Clitellata |
- formally Oligochaeta and Hirudinida classes -no Parapodia -all hermaphrodites -have direct development (no trochophore) |
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Ecdysozoa |
"the molting protostomes" -Good monophyletic group -everyone in it can molt |
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Ecdysozoans are : (3 key transitions) |
Protostomes, triploblastic, and bilaterally symmetic! -no locomotory cilia -hard overing exoskeleton made of collagen or chitin |
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PHYLUM NEMATODA |
Up to 80% of all life on earth! -can be freeliving or parasitic -Pseudocoeulomates -collagenous cuticle |
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Nematoda body plan |
-Tube within a tube -muscular pharynx sucks in food -good reproductive system- diocous |
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First animal to have its genome sequenced? |
C. Elegans (Nematode) |
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Nematoda as parasites |
-cuticle=defence -adapted mouth parts (hooks and burrowing) -reproduce lots for egg to infect organism -Roundworms (can block your intestines) -Hookworms (burrow into skin) -Filarial worms (on anthrodods), infect lymph nodes |
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Phylum Nematomorpha |
-horsehair worms -can grow up to 1m -semiparasitic (adults are freeliving but juveniles live in arthropods |
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Phylum Onychophora |
-"velvet worms" -soft cuticle- hydrophobic (looks like velvet hence the name) -all predators of insects |
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Phylum Tardigrada |
-"water bears" -sucking pharynx- eats plant and animal via juices -Cryptobiosis!!! |
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Cryptobiosis |
-called a Tun in seabears -go into ametabolic state, pretty much dead until favourable conditions apply -can survive almost anything!!! |
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Phylum Anthropoda! |
= joint foot -80% of named animals -segmented bodies -joint limbs -chiton exoskeleton - |
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Anthropod Key transitions! |
-Organ system -bilateral symmetry -coelomate -triploblast protostome -yes to segmentation |
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Exoskeleton in Anthropoda |
Chitinous cuticle; used for protection and water retention. -lightweight so doesnt get in the way -when thin, it can be permeable |
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Segmentation and appendages in Anthropoda |
-more effienct movement -specific segments have specific functions |
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Respiration in Anthropoda |
-some breathe air, some water -efficient for fast metabolism |
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Sense organs in Anthropoda |
-eyes -hearing -balance -chemosensory |
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behavioural adaptations in anthropoda |
-true sociality -think of leafcutter ant |
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metamorphosis |
-lots of niches for the same species -larvae eats something different than adult -more environments, more numbers! |
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Exoskeleton, segments, and appendages |
-group of segments called Tagmata (work together for common function) -"head, thorax, and abdomen" |
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Subphylum Chelicerata |
-horseshoe crap, spiders, scorpions -TWO tagmata (cephalothorax and abdomen) -Appendages: Chelicarae and Pedipalps with 8 legs -NO MANIBILES OR ANTENNAE |
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Subphylum Myriapoda |
-like centipedes - 1 pair of antennae -mandibles -centipedes and Millipedes -Head and (LOOOONG)Trunk |
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Subphylum Crustacea |
-mostly marine -two pairs of antennas -two pairs of maxillae -Biramous- means two branched- endopod, exopod |
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Crustacean body plant |
-Carapace: chiton exoskeleton, covers head and thorax. -Have a HEAD, THORAX, ABDOMEN |
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Crustaceans internal form |
-open circulatory system -Gills attached to appendages -ANTENNAL glands take care of waste! |
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Crustaceans Sensory system |
-advanced nervous system -developed eyes, and taste and smell from chemosensory |
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Reproduction in Crustaceans |
-most are diocious -brood eggs in brood chambers -have larval stage!!! |
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Feeding in Crustacea |
Maxillae and Mandables- think claws that shred food. -claws and walking legs can also capture food |
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Ecological importance of Crustacea |
-are zooplankton, bottom of the ocean food chain -mutualistic relationships with other critters -parasite hosts! -huge fishery for them!!! |
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EXAMPLES OF CRUSTACEA: Ostracods |
-bivalve and resuced thoratic appenadages |
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EXAMPLES OF CRUSTACEA: Branchiopods |
-lots of freshwater species, brine shrimp |
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EXAMPLES OF CRUSTACEA: Copepods |
Seen throughtout the entire life, no legs or carapace |
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EXAMPLES OF CRUSTACEA: Barnacles |
sessile as an adult, no sephilization |
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Largest Penis to body ration |
Barnacles! |
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Malacostraca Crustaceans |
-Isopods- pill bugs Euphasiacea- KRILL Decapods, 10 legs like lobster! (first legs are claws) |
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SUBPHYLUM HEXAPODA |
-6 legs (DUH) -all uniamous (the same) - three tagmata (HEAD, THORAX, ABDOMEN) |
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Class Insecta |
-found everywhere, exoskeleton is light and keeps water in :) |
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Characteristics of Insects |
-Head, thorax abdomen -3 pairs of legs and 2 pairs of wings on THORAX -have MANDABLES! |
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Only Arthopod without Mandables |
Chelicerates! |
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WIngs |
-NOT APPENDAGES, simple extensions of cuticle on thorax -usually 2 pairs -only invertebrates to fly -Direct flight- muscles attache to wings Indirect- alter the shape of thorax for wing movement -moves in a figure 8 |
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Insect respiration |
-tubular heart, no blood for oxygen, just nutrients -spiracles have opening trachae- gas exchange over wet membrane |
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Insect reproduction |
-dioecious -internal fertilization -female lays eggs after fertilization |
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Insect developement |
- Molt between stages -HOMOMETABOLOUS- complete (egg, larva, pupa, adult- butterfly) -HEMIMETABOLOUS (incomplete), egg, nymphs, adult |
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Insect social behanviour |
-Eusociality- class system -some workers, drones, and then a queen -think of bees/ants! |
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DEUTEROSTOMIA |
-Radial cleavage -regulative (if split, makes whole new embryo) -Blastopore makes anus- mouth comes second -Entercoelous- coelom forms by outpocketing the mesoderm. |
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5 transitions Echinodermata |
-Organ system -Pentaradial symmetry -Coelomate -triploblastic & DEUTOERSTOME - NOT segmented |
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Phylum Echinodermata (STARFISH) |
-spinky skin -marine -no cephilization |
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Phylum Echinodermata: exoskeleton |
- part of special coelomic cavity called stereom, made of collegen |
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Water Vascular System |
Hydraulic system -canals and tube feet FUCTION- respiration, excretion, locomotion and feeding |
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SERIES OF CANALS |
MADREPORATE, STOME CANAL, RING CANAL, RADIAL CANAL, AMPULLAE, TUBE FEET MSRR CAT |
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Pedicellariae |
-on aboral surface -clean, foodcapture, defence |
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Starfish respiration |
-Papulae (skin gills) -increase surfae area for respiration |
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Ambulacra- |
band from which tube feet form |
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Internal characteristics of Starfish |
-no brain, epidermal nerve net thought -digestive system varies! -often seperate sexes with EXTERNAL fertilization |
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Larval Devolopement in starfish |
-start as bilateral, remember they are DEUTEROSTOMES, larvae gets early tube feet! |
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Starfish regeneration |
-just need 1/5 central disc and 1 arm - Autotomy: deliberate shredding of body parts or appendages to escape |
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Fragmentations in Starfish |
-form of assexual reproduction -"comets" -just arm needed |
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ECHINODERM CLASSES: Crinoidea |
-"lily form" -oral side up -NO PEDICELLARIEA, MADREPORATE, or SPINES |
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ECHINODERM CLASSES: Asteroidea |
-common sea star -central disc and arms -2 part somach- everts tomach -carvivours |
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KETSTONE ECHINODERMS |
-PURPLE INTERTIDAL seastar controls mussel populations-CROWN OF THORMS, kills coral reefs
-Pacific Sunflower- eats everything |
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Class Ophiuroidea- |
-brittle stars -really good at regeneration -all organs in ventral disc - |
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Class Echinoidea |
-Sea urchens and sand dollars -compact body form -mouth is called ARISTOTLES LANTERN -compact bodies- Ossicles as plates |
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Urchin Barren |
-kill the kelp, so sea otters control the urchin population! |
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Class Holothuroidea |
-Sea cucumbers -elongated on oral-aboral axis -reduced occicles -ventral tube feet for locomotion -oral tentables are modified tube feet |
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Sea cucumbers |
-have a big coelomatic cavity -Cloaca- "all purpose orifice - 1 true Pelagic species |
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PHYLUM HEMICHORDATA |
closely related to echinoderms -have a "notochord" called a stomochord" -not actually half chordate, just thought to be and never changed the name. |
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