Biology Chp. 33 Introduction To Invertebrates

Front 1

Choanocytes

Amoebocytes

Epidermal Cells

Back 1

3 Types of Cells that Sponges have

Front 2

1. Monophyletic

2. Sequential

3. Filter/Suspension

4. Osculum

5. Spongocoel

6. Mesohyl

7. Amoebocyte

8. Choanocytes

Back 2

Sponges are considered 1.(mono/para/poly) phyletic, and are ___2___ hermaphrodites. They are sedentary animals that ___3___ feed. Their main opening is called the __4__, its central cavity the ___5___. Its gelatinous matrix called the ___6___ have ___7___ cells that use pseudopodia to move. Flagellated ___8____ or "collar cells" in the innermost layer engulf bacteria and particles by phagocytosis.

Front 3

1. Metazoa

2. Eumetazoa

3. Bilaterians

4. Deuterostome

5. Lophotrochozoa

6. Ecdysozoa

7. Porifera

8. Ctenophora

9. Cnidaria

10. Echinodermata

11. Chordata

12. Platyhelminthe

13. Rotifera

14. Mollusca

15. Annelida

16. Nematoda

17. Arthropoda

Back 3

Front 4

Diploblast 2

Triploblast, Coelom 3

Back 4

At what point on the tree would diploblast occur? Triploblast? Coelom?

Front 5

1. Nematocysts

2. Cnidocytes

3. Gastrovascular

4. Both sexually and asexually

Back 5

Cnidaria have unique stinging structures/organelles ___1___ housed in specialized cells ___2___ unique to their phyla. They have a sac body plan with a ___3___ cavity which is basically a one-opening digestive compartment. They reproduce 4. (sexually/asexually/both sexually and asexually).

Front 6

Hydrozoa (Alternate)

Scyphozoa (Medusozoan)

Cubozoa (Medusozoan)

Anthozoa (Anthozoan)

Back 6

4 Classes of Cnidaria/ Which are medusozoans? Anthozoans?

Front 7

Ctenophora

Back 7

- Phylum that make up much of the ocean's plankton species

- Eight "combs" of cilia that propel the animals through water

- Specialized cells filled with sticky threads

Front 8

Polyps

Back 8

- Cylindrical forms of cnidaria that adhere to the substrate by the aboral end (opposite of mouth) of their body and extend tentacles

Ex: Hydras, sea anemones

Front 9

Medusa

Back 9

- Flattened, mouth-down version of the polyp

- Moves freely in the water

Front 10

Cnidae

Back 10

Capsule like organelles within cnidocytes that are capable of exploding outward

Ex: Nematocyst

Front 11

Scyphozoan

Back 11

-"True Jellies"

Front 12

Cubozoans

Back 12

-"Box jellies"

- Have complex eye, highly toxic cnidocyte

Front 13

Anthozoans

Back 13

- Sea anemones and corals

- Occur only as polyps

- Often form symbioses with algae

- Secrete hard exoskeleton of calcium carbonate

Front 14

Bilateria

Back 14

- Major clade whose members exhibit triplobastic development

- 2 Opening Digestive System "Tube" Body Plan

- Coelom

Front 15

Lophotrochozoa

Ecdysozoa

Deuterostomia

Back 15

3 Major Clades of Bilaterians

Front 16

Platyhelminthes

Rotifers

Molluscs

Annelids

Back 16

4 Phyla studied in the clade Lophotrochozoan

Front 17

Platyhelminthes

Back 17

- Only phyla in bilateria without "tube" body plan or coelom, still triploblastic

- Free-living or parasitic

- Lack circulatory system

- Have central nervous system that processes information from sensory structures

- Respire through diffusion and protonephridia

Front 18

Protonephridia

Back 18

- Networks of tubules with ciliated structures called flame bulbs that pull fluid through branched ducts opening to the outside

- Part of an excretory apparatus that functions mainly to maintain osmotic balance

Front 19

Rhabditophora

Catenulida

Back 19

2 Clades of Platyhelminthes

Front 20

Planarians

Back 20

- Prey on small animals or dead

- Move by cilia on ventral surface, glide on mucus

- Light-sensitive eye spots and lateral flaps to detect chemicals

- Hermaphrodite, cross fertilize, or reproduce asexually

Front 21

Trematodes (Flukes)

Back 21

- Many require an intermediate host for larvae to develop, than a final host where matured ones live

Ex: Schistosoma "Blood" Larva from snail to human

Front 22

Cestode (Tapeworm)

Back 22

- Body surface absorbs nutrients released by digestion in the host's intestine

- Lack individual digestive system, mouth or gastrovascular cavity

- Anterior end has scolex with suckers to hook onto intestinal lining of host

- Long ribbon of units called proglottids: sacs of sex organs

Front 23

Cestoda

Trematoda

Planarian

Back 23

3 Groups of Rhabditophorans

Front 24

Rotifers

Back 24

- Microscopic animals with specialized organ systems such as an Alimentary canal (digestive tube with 2 openings)

- Pseudocoelomate

- Crown of cilia "wheel bearer" draws water into mouth, jaws called trophi grind up food

- Asexual reproduction called parthenogenesis, capable of sexual reproduction

Front 25

Mollusca

Back 25

- 3 Part Body: Foot for movement; Visceral mass to contain internal organs; Mantle: Fold of tissue that drapes over visceral mass and secretes a shell

- Feed by a straplike organ called radula to scrape up food

- Open circulatory system of hemolymph

- Most have shell made up of calcium carbonate protecting soft body

- Usually separate sexed, can be hermaphrodites

Front 26

Chitons

Gastropoda

Bivalvia

Cephalopoda

Back 26

4 Clades of Mollusca Studied

Front 27

Chitons

Back 27

- Oval-shaped unsegmented body

- 8 Dorsal Plate shell

- Clade of mollusca

Front 28

Gastropod

Back 28

- 3/4 of all molluscs, biggest group

- Marine, freshwater and terrestrial

- Single, spiraled shell secreted by glands at the edge of the mantle

- Developed eyes at tips of tentacles

Front 29

Bivalves

Back 29

- Clade of Molluscs that are all aquatic

- Hinged shells with powerful adductor muscles

- No distinct head, radula lost, some have eyes and sensory tentacles along outer edge of mantle

- Gills for respiration; suspension feeders through siphons

- Typically sedentary

Front 30

Cephalopods

Back 30

- Active marine predators that use tentacles to grab prey, bite with beak-like jaws and immobilize with poisonous saliva

- Only mollusc clade with closed circulatory system

- Well-developed sense organs and complex brain

Front 31

Annelid

Back 31

- Phyla of segmented worms that can live in marine, freshwater and terrestrial habitat

- Coelomates

- 2 Major clades: Errantia and Sedentaria

Front 32

Errantia

Back 32

- Mainly marine clade, can be mobile or immobile

- Predatory or grazer

- Parapodia on each body segment that act in locomotion, each have numerous chaetae

- Vascularized and can function as gills

- Well-developed jaws or sensory organs

Front 33

Sedentarians

Back 33

- Less mobile clade

- Tube-dwelling ones have elaborate gills or tentacles for filter feeding

Ex: Leeches, Earthworms

Front 34

Earthworms

Back 34

- Hermaphrodites that do not cross-fertilize, but physically align themselves to exchange sperm; can also reproduce asexually

- Closed circulatory system

- Nervous system

- Within sedentarian clade of annelid

Front 35

Ecdysozoa

Back 35

- Animals that shed a tough external coat (cuticle) as they grow

Front 36

Nematodes

Arthropods

Back 36

2 Major Phyla of Ecdysozoa

Front 37

Nematode

Back 37

- Among the most ubiquitous; play important role in decomposition and nutrient cycling

- Alimentary canal

- Lack circulatory system

- Pseudocoelomate

Front 38

- Rotifera (Lophotrochozoan)

- Nematoda (Ecdysozoan)

Back 38

2 Pseudocoelomate Phyla, and Clade

Front 39

Arthropoda

Back 39

- Segmented body covered by cuticle, hard chitin exoskeleton, jointed appendages that have become modified for walking, feeding, sensory reception, reproduction and defense

- Well developed sensory organs such as eyes, olfactory, and antennae

- Open circulatory system

- Various gas exchange organs (gills, tracheal systems)

Front 40

Chelicerates (Spiders, horseshoe crabs, scorpion)

Myriapods (Centipede, millipede)

Pancrustaceans (Insect, lobster, shrimp)

Back 40

3 Major Lineages of the Arthropoda

Front 41

Chelicerate

Back 41

- Lineage named for clawlike feeding appendages, serve as pincers or fangs

- Anterior cephalothorax, posterior abdomen

- Lack antennae, simple eyes

- Mainly comprised of arachnid group

Front 42

Arachnid

Back 42

- Six pairs of appendages: chelicerae; pedipalps for sensing, feeding, defense or reproduction; 4 pairs of walking legs

- Gas exchange: Book lungs, stacked platelike structures

Front 43

Myriapods

Millipede/Centipede

Back 43

- Terrestrial clade

- Head: Antennae pair, 3 pairs of appendages modified as mouthparts, including jaw-like mandible

- Some eat decaying leaves/plant matter, some are carnivores

Front 44

Crustaceans

Back 44

- Thrive in marine, freshwater and terrestrial

- Highly specialized appendages

- Only group with 2 pairs of antennae

- 3+ pairs modified mouthparts includng mandibles; walking legs on thorax; appendages on abdomen

- Gas exchange through cuticle or gills

- Sexes are separate in most

Front 45

Insects

Back 45

- 3 Pairs of Appendages, complex organ systems

- Wings developed from cuticle (not appendages) helped them disperse to new habitats more effectively; 1-2 pairs from dorsal side of thorax

- Undergo either incomplete (nymphs) or complete (larval) metamorphosis into adults

- Sexual reproduction, separate sexes

Front 46

Echinoderms

Chordates

Back 46

2 Phyla of Deuterostomes

Front 47

Echinoderms

Back 47

- Slow-moving or sessile marine animals

- Epidermis covers endoskeleton of hard calcareous plates; prickly from skeletal bumps and spines

- Unique water vascular system, hydraulic canals branching into tube feet that function in locomotion and feeding

- Separate sexed sexual reproduction by gamete release

- May appear radial but larvae have bilateral symmetry; 5 part body organization as adults

Front 48

Asteroidea: Sea stars and sea daisies

Back 48

- Arms radiating from central disk; tube feet on undersurfaces that secrete adhesive chemicals

- Used for locomotion or predation

- Can evert its stomach inside out through its mouth and into prey's shell

- Regeneration from central disk

- Small armless group absorbs nutrients through body membrane

Front 49

Ophiuroidea: Brittle stars

Back 49

- Distinct central disk; long, flexible arms

- Locomotion: Lash arms in serpentine movements

- Secrete adhesive chemicals from tube feet

- Some are suspension feeders, predators or scavengers

Front 50

Echinoidea: Sea urchins and sand dollars

Back 50

- Armless group of Echinoderms; five rows of tube feet that function in slow movement

- Muscles that pivot long spines; aid in locomotion and protection

- Mouth on underside is ringed by highly-complex, jaw-like structures well adapted to eating seaweed

Front 51

Crinoidea: Sea lilies and feather stars

Back 51

- Can live attached to substrate by stalk; others crawl using long, flexible arms

- Both use arms in suspension feeding

Front 52

Holothuroidea: Sea Cucumbers

Back 52

- Morphological dissimilar to echinoderms; lack spines; reduced endoskeleton; elongated in their oral-aboral axis

- Five rows of tube feet, some around the mouth are developed as feeding tentacles

Front 53

Asteroidea: Sea stars, sea daisies

Ophiuroidea: Brittle stars

Echinoidea: Sea urchins, sand dollars

Crinoidea: Sea lilies, feather stars

Holothuroidea: sea cucumbers

Back 53

5 Clades of Echinoderms and examples

Front 54

Chordates

Back 54

- Consists of 2 basal groups of invertebrates (lancelets, tunicates) and vertebrates (have backbone)

- Bilateral, coelomate with notochord, segmented bodies

- Dorsal, hollow nerve cord

- Pharyngeal slits

- Post-anal tail