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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a carbohydrate? |
A molecule composed of sugar subunits that contains hydrogen and oxygen in a 1:2 ratio. They are the supply of energy. The human body cannot make it, we get it from food, they are either polymers and isomers. Three kinds of carbohydrates are disaccharide, polysaccharides, and monosaccharides. |
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What are monosaccharides and disaccharides and polysaccharides? |
Monosaccharides: A single sugar unit. Glucose, fructose, and galactose are the most common. Disaccharides: A sugar formed by the joining of two monosaccharides. Polysaccharides: a carbohydrate composed of many single sugar units. ex: Starch |
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What are three types of disaccharides, and how are they formed and broken down? |
Sucrose (glucose-fructcose) Maltose (glucose-glucose) Lactose (glucose-galactose) They are built with dehydration synthesis and broken down with hydrolysis. |
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What is the definition of hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis? |
Dehydration synthesis: the process by which larger molecules are formed by the joining of two monosaccharides. This is called a condensation reaction. Hydrolisis: The process by which larger molecules are split into smaller molecules by the addition of water. (breaks down disaccharides) This is called a cleavage reaction. |
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What is glycogen and cellulose? |
Glycogen: Animals store carbohydrates in the form of a polysaccharide. The 'animal starch' this is the way our liver and muscles store excess glucose. Cellulose: Is a carbohydrate and is part of the cell wall of plant, so we don't have the proper enzymes to digest it properly. It is also known as fibre. Your intestines sense it and allows your intestines to contract and allow for bowel movements. |
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What enzyme in the mouth digests starches? |
Amylase |
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Released in the stomach, this hormone release HCl |
Gastrin |
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The active form of this enzyme is responsible for the hydrolysis of protein into smaller polypeptide chains |
pepsin/trypsen |
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This hormone stimulates the release of pancreatic enzymes and bile into the small intestine |
CCK |
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What is the major function of carbohydrates in the cell? |
Energy production |
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Glucose, fructose, and galactose are examples of this |
monosaccharides |
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This carbohydrate does not digest and is known as the "incredible bulk" |
Cellulose |
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What is the function of lipids (connected to too much glucose) |
store energy |
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What two components make up a triglyceride? |
Fatty acids and glycerol |
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What do unsaturated fats have that saturated fats don't? |
Carbon double bonds |
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These are lipids at room temperature |
Unsaturated fats such as oils |
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What is hydrogenation? |
This process was used to make unsaturated fats into saturated fats by adding hydrogen molecules resulting in a longer shelf life. |
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These molecular structures are known as the building blocks for proteins |
Amino acids |
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The part of the amino acid that makes it different from others is known as... |
The R group |
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What is it called when a proteins shape is temporarily changed by excessive heat or change in Ph is called.. |
Denaturation |
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The bond formed by the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the group of another is called... |
A peptide bond |
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These 8 amino acids must be obtained through a person diet |
Essential amino acids |
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What are the rhythmic contractions along the gastrointestinal tract? |
Peristalsis |
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What is the flap like piece that keeps food from entering the trachea? |
The epiglottis |
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These muscles open and close tubelike structures |
Sphincter muscles |
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This organ releases the hormone enterogastrone which causes the slow down of digestion |
The small intestine |
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When the skin turns yellow due to a blockage of the bile duct or increased level of red blood cell destruction |
what is jaundice |
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What substances are absorbed fro the colon into the bloodstream? |
Water: some inorganic salts, minerals, and vitamins are absorbed with the water. |
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What is a catalyst? |
A chemical that increases the rate of chemical reactions. It doesn't alter the catalyst in the process so it can be used more than once. They lower the reaction energy so the reaction can get started faster. |
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What is an enzyme? |
Reactions that occur in living organisms are regulated by catalysts called enzymes. These are protein catalysts that permit chemical reactions to proceed at lower temperatures. |
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What is a substrate and an active site? |
- The substrate is the thing the enzyme is working on. - The active site is the place where an enzyme and substrate join together. |
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What are cofactors and coenzymes? |
- Some enzymes need cofactors to help them bind to substrate molecules. Cofactors are inorganic ions such as zinc, iron, and potassium, as well as copper containing compounds) They can work with more than one enzyme. - Some enzymes need coenzymes to help them bind to substrate molecules. Coenzymes are synthesized from vitamins. They can work with more than one enzyme. They turn enzymes on so that they can do their job. |
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What are competitive inhibitors and feedback inhibition? |
- A molecule with a shape complementary to a specific enzyme that competes with the substrate for access to the active site of the enzyme and blocks chemical reactions. - The inhibition of an enzyme in a metabolic pathway by the final product of a pathway. |
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What is precursor activity and allosteric activity? |
- The activation of the last enzyme in a metabolic pathway by the initial substrate. - A change in an enzyme caused by the binding of a molecule. The ‘turning on’ and ‘turning off’ of enzymes, turning on is precursor activity and turning off is feedback inhibition. |
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What is activation energy and a regulatory site? |
- Reactions need energy. Activation energy is the amount of energy needed to start a reaction. It is easier to get a reaction started if you have an enzyme/catalyst, it also takes less time. - Where the final products go when the enzyme has too much of it. When a final product goes into a regulatory site the activation site changes. |
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What is a Lock and Key Model and Induced Model Fit? |
- The original model on how enzymes work, based on shapes. A theory that enzymes worked like a lock and key. You have a key that opens up the right lock. Incorrect substrate shape will not fit into certain locks (enzymes) - The enzyme's active site can change shape. When it comes time to work, the shape can change shape to work with the correct enzyme. It can change when it needs to. |
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What are ingestion, digestion, absorption, and eegestion? |
Ingestion: The taking in of nutrients Digestion: The breakdown of complex organic molecules into smaller parts. Absorption: The transport of digested nutrients into the cells of the body. Eegestion: The removal of food wastes from the body. |
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What is physical digestion? |
Physical digestion begins in the mouth where food is chewed and formed into a bolus (Greek word for ball) by the tongue. Physical digestion breaks food into smaller pieces to provide more surface area for chemical digestion. |
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What is chemical digestion? what is the pharynx? |
- Chemical digestion involves breaking down nutrients into a form small enough for cells to use. -The place where the nasal cavity and the mouth cavity join together. It is the passageway from the mouth and nose to the esophagus |
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what is the esophagus? |
Once swallowed food travels to the esophagus. The bolus food stretches the walls of the esophagus activating muscle rhythmic contractions called peristalsis. Peristaltic contractions which are involuntary move food along the gastrointestinal tract. The only points where food is moved voluntary along the tract is during swallowing and during the last phase, egestion. |
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What is the LES (Lower esophageal sphincter)? What is the stomach? |
- A constrictor muscle that regulates the opening and closing of a tube like structure.It contracts to close the opening to the stomach and relaxes to allow food in. - The site of food storage and initial protein digestion.It contains three layers of muscle, which run in different directions so that the muscle contractions can churn the food. |
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What is the pyloric sphincter? |
- A constrictor muscle that regulates the opening and closing of a tube like structure. It regulates the movement of food and acids into the small intestine. |
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What is the duodenum? |
- The first segment of the small intestine. The small intestine secretes digestive enzymes and moves it along through peristalsis. The area where where most of the digestion occurs in the small intestine. An important site for chemical digestion because it is joined to the liver and pancreas through a duct. |
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What is the jejunum and the ileum? |
- The second and third components of the small intestine are called jejunum and ileum. The small intestine secretes digestive enzymes and moves it along through peristalsis. Continues to break down food. - The second and third components of the small intestine are called jejunum and ileum. The small intestine secretes digestive enzymes and moves it along through peristalsis. Absorbs nutrients and pushes undigested nutrients into the large intestine. |
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What are villi and microvilli? |
- small, finger like projections that extend into the small intestine to increase surface area for absorption. Increase surface area of the small intestine to increase absorption. - Microscopic, finger like projections of the cell membrane. The cells that make up the lining of the villi have microvilli which are fine thread like extensions of the membrane that increase surface area for absorption. |
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What are mesentery and the appendix? |
- Tissue that connects your organs to the interior wall of the abdomen. Protect your organs so they don’t move around to much. - Narrow pouch of tissue (similar in appearance to a worm) that extends on the inferior end of the large intestine - the side that doesn’t go the rectuma possible storehouse for “good” bacteria |
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What is the colon and the rectum? |
- the largest segment of the large intestine where water re absorption occurs. It must store waste long enough for the body to reabsorb water in it. Some inorganic salts, minerals, and vitamins are also absorbed with the water. - The final segment of the Colon/large intestine. A temporary storehouse for feces. |
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What is the anal sphincter and salivary glands? |
- Muscle at the end of the rectumKeeps feces and alllows feces out. - They produce saliva that contain amylase enzymes (an enzyme that breaks down complex carbohydrates)produces saliva which dissolves food particles and makes it possible to taste whats being eaten, as well as lubricating the food. |
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What does the gall bladder do and what is the pancreas? |
- It is an organ that stores bile after the liver produces it and when the stomach is empty. - The organ that creates secretin in order to start a series of reaction in order to protect the small intestine from stomach acids. |
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What is the liver? |
The organ that creates bile, also contains glycogen and vitamins and is able to detoxify many substances in the body. Harmful chemicals can be made soluble and be dissolved in the blood and eliminated in the urine. |
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What are lacteals and capillaries? |
- A small vessel that transports the products of fat digestion to the circulatory system. - Each villus is supplied with a capillary network that intertwines with lymph vessels called lacteals. A capillary is a blood vessel that connects arteries and veins; the site of fluid and gas exchange. |
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What is enterogasterone and lipase? |
- It is a hormone produced in the small intestine that slows peristaltic movements, allowing time for fat digestion and absorbtion. - It is an enzyme in the pancreas that is a lipid digesting enzye: Breaks down fats (fat droplets+H2O=Fatty Acids) |
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What are erepsin disaccharides? What does amylase in the pancreas do? |
- An an enzyme in the small intestine that hydrolyze disaccharides (lactose, maltose,sucrose) to monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, galactose) - It is an enzyme that continues the digestion of carbohydrates that was begun in the mouth by salivary amylase. |
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What is erepsin and trypsin? |
- An enzyme found in the small intestine it completes protein digestion by converting short chain peptides to amino acids. - An enzyme found in the small intestine that breaks down long-chain polypeptides to a short-chain peptides |
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What is enterokinase and secretin? |
- an enzyme found in the small intestine that converts trypsinogen to active trypsin. - A hormone found in the duodenum that stimulates bile and and pancreatic secretions. |
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What is CCK and bile? |
- It is a hormone found in the small intestine that stimulates liver and gall bladder to release bile; stimulates pancreas to release digestive enzymes. It stands for Cholecystokinin. - Found in the liver and gall bladder which contains bile salts which break down large fat globules. |
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What is pepsin, mucous, and HCl? |
- It is an enzyme found in the stomach that degrades food proteins into peptides. - Found in the salivary glands, it makes food slippery. - It enters the stomach from the duodenum and stimulates the conversion of prosecretin into secretin. |
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What is gastrin and amylase found in the mouth? |
- It is a hormone found in the stomach produced when the walls of the stomach are distended by food. It is also released when partially digested protein is in the stomach. It travels to the blood of the parietal cells of the stomach and stimulates the release of HCl. - an enzyme found in the salary glands that converts starch to maltose. |
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What does the large intestine do? |
- (Colon) It has no chemical digestion, it works by physical digestion and bacteria, its main function is to concentrate indigestible food by absorbing water and salt (vitamins) . It is about 2 m long and 5 cm in diameter. |
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Explain the function of secretin and how it happens. |
1. HCl enters the duodenum from the stomach. 2. HCL stimulates the conversion of prosecretin into secretin. 3. Secretin is absorbed into the blood vessels. 4. Secretin is carried by the circulatory system to the pancreas. 5. Here secretin acts as a chemical messenger, stimulating the release of pancreatic fluids. 6. The HCO3- ions, released by the pancreas neutralize the HCl from the stomach. The neutralization of the acid protects the lining of the duodenum. |
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What substances are in pancreatic fluids? What else does bicarbonate ions do besides change the pH in the duodenum? What are gull stones? |
- Trypsinogen, HC03-, amylase, and lipases. - Changes pepsin so it no longer works. - Minerals that build up and block the gall bladder and block it. |
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Explain the main function of CCK What is the other function of CCK? |
1. Fats enter the duodenum and stimulates the release of the hormone CCK. 2. CCK is carried to the bloodstream to the gall bladder. 3. CCK stimulates the release of bile salts from the gall bladder. 4. Bile emulsifies fats. - It also causes the release of pancreatic enzymes. |
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What does emulsify mean? Why is emulsification physical digestion? What enzyme speeds up the hydrolysis of lipids? |
- Break down into smaller parts. - Physical. - Lipases |
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Explain what happens when gastrin is released |
1. food enters the stomach and triggers the release of gastrin. 2. Gastrin is carried in the blood stream back to the stomach which causes the release of HCl which digests the food further. |
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What 2 things cause gastrin to be released? Where is gastrin released from and where does it go? What does gastrin stimulate the release of? |
- The stretching of the stomach walls, and proteins being present. - From the cells in the walls of the stomach into the blood stream to other cells in the walls of the stomach. - It stimulates the release of HCl also known as gastric juices. |
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What is all found in gastric juices? What four things does HCl do? |
- HCl, mucus, pepsinogen, etc. 1. Changes pepsinogen into pepsin. 2. changes prosecretin into secretin. 3. Dissolves things in the stomach (physical digestion) 4. Kills microbes (bacteria) on the food we eat. |
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What nutrient does enterokinase aid the digestion of? Where does this hormone come from? How does this hormone aid in the digestion of the nutrient mentioned above? |
- Lipids. - Small intestine. - slows down peristalsis giving the body more time to aid digestion. |
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What are triglycerides? What is a phospholipid? |
- A lipid composed of glycerol and saturated fatty acids. They are solid at room temperatures. (Called fats) - A lipid with a phosphate molecule attached top the glycerol backbone making the molecule polar; the major components of cell membranes. |
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What is a trans fat? What is cholesterol? |
- Made to make products have a longer shelf life. Its when people manually force a hydrogen bond onto a unsaturated fat - this allows things like baked cookies to last a long time without getting stale. - Used to make hormones. Body makes what it needs. There are two types: HDL (healthy) and LDL (Bad- does what saturated fats do) |
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Saturated fats VS unsaturated fats |
- Saturated fat has all the carbon bonded o hydrogen and unsaturated fats don't hold all the carbons. - Unsaturated fats are the 'good' type of fat because they don't stack well so they just flow through the blood stream. Saturated fats are flat and stack and layer really well so they can attach to walls in your arteries and eventually even block them . |
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T or F: Fats store energy What is cirrhosis? |
- T - chronic inflammation of the liver tissue characterized by the growth non function fibrous tissue that is replacing damaged tissue. |
