Biology 2 Exam 1

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aristotle

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before darwin, scala natura; a chain of being from least to most complex but each wrung is separate and unchanging, have inner tendency toward complexity

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carolus linnaeus

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created modern classification system (systema naturae), binomial nomenclature

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Big Bang

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13.7 GA; tremendous explosion, flood of energy, trillions of degrees

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Quantum Gravity Era

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directly after big bang, temp 10^32C, 13.7 GA minus 10^-43 sec

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Inflation Era

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after quantum gravity era: universe expands from size of marble to billions of light years across in 10^-35 sec

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electroweak phase

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after inflation era, subatomic particles acquire mass 13.7GA

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first galaxies

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11GA, process unknown

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Big Splat

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4.57GA collision with accreting earth by object the size of mars, forms moon

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accretion

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give out heat form interior

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4.47 GA

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earth is rocky ball with no atmosphere

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the big burp

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4.47 GA primative atmosphere is formed via outgassing from earth's interior, surface begins to cool

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early atmosphere

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rich in H20, CO2, CO, N and only trace amount of free oxygen - 4.47GA, water vapor dissolves CO2 out of atmosphere to prevent runaway greenhouse effect

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FIrst rain reaches earth

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4.47 GA, immediately vaporized, formation of oceans this way, cools surface temp to 180C, continues for 2 million years

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alternative ocean hypothesis

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oceans derived 4.47 GA from icy comets colliding with earth, first oceans dilute not rich soup

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4.0-3.8

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first prebiotic systems; protocells and prokaryotes

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formation of first life

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RNA replaces minerals, origin of DNA and membranes, protocells and decrease in collisions with extraterrestrial bodies (makes like possible) - 4.0GA

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protocells

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generalized, internal regulation low, heterotrophs, specialization of internal function, membranes, cell walls, DNA, RNA

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3.7GA

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CO2 levels still very high, first autotrophic organisms start to shift concentrations

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origin of photosynthesis

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3.5GA evidence in bacterial fossils and stromatolites

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first cyanobacteria

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3.2GA evolved from anaerobic, photosynthetic sulfer bacteria

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cyanobacteria radiating

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chlorophyll presense; h2o used as a hydrogen source, oxygen is byproduct, changes free oxygen concentration but still low at this point

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2.3-2.3 GA

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early diversification of microaerophilic and amphiaerobic eubacteria and cyanobacteria

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2.3 GA

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first stable aerobic environments, origins of mitosis in eubacteria, free oxygen now high as 1%

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2.23GA

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very sudden and mysterious increase in free O2 from 1% to 15%, possibly increase in green plant

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1.8GA

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origin of meiosis/origin of eukaryotes, atmosphere close to present, ozone forming

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1.4-.8GA

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diversification of protista, organelles form (mitochondria, cillia, centrioles, chloroplasts) by endosymbiosis

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1.2-.8GA

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diversification of multicellular eukaryotes

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1.0-.8GA

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biochemical evolution essentially complete

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750MA

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first fossils of bodies: invertebrate groups

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the Cambrian Explosion

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542 MA very rapid diversification of complex invertebrate animal phyla over 15 MA esp with hard bodied animals, reasons unknown; oxygen?

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458 MA

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first land plants

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410MA

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first terrestrial animals; arthropods, insects

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gymnosperms

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370MA seed ferms on land; vascular land plant diversification

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350 MA

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amphibia evolve

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340MA

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reptile evolve, development of amniotic egg

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290MA

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reptile-like mammals appear

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220 MA

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triassic extinctions possibly ice age

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220-180MA

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radiation of dinosaurs

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200MA

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first mammals

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140MA

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origin of modern birds and flowering plants

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130MA

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placental mammals evolve

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70MA

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first primates

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reason for free oxygen, low co2

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living organisms and water vapor, only planet where water is liqui

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origin of life

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3.5 gA

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origin of earth

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4.55 GA

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WIlliam Paley

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1802; published natural theology and supported intelligent design

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jean baptiste lamarck

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inheritance of acquired characteristics, discarded fixed species, earth is old, complex organisms evolved from simpler ones, evolution is product of changing environment

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robert chalmers

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vestiges of natural history of creation, evolution is impulse with system of law ordained by god

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alred russell wallace

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discovered organisms change through time as darwin did, worked with darwin on paper

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2 points of origin of species

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modern species arise from a succession of ancestors through process of decent with modification and decent with modification occurs through natural selection

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major issues in biology following "origin" - later challenges

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how natural selection comes about randomly, theistic evolution (variation selected by creator), lamarckism (acquired traits can be passed on), orthogenesis (single path of evolution from forces within), mutation theory (mutations are random and nonadaptive)

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early objections of "origin"

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discontinuity in fossil record, age of earth, non-adaptive structures, blending inheritance and randomness (how can random variability make complex organisms)

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false dualism

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if evolution cannot yet explain a complex system is alternative is an intelligent desciner who had designed via unknown process

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sputnik

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first artifial catellite in 1957; concern about russains ahead scientifically

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modern synthesis

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fusing of mendellian and population genetics, how individual change leads to population change

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selectively neutral variables

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variability is a product of random chance, unrelated to evolution, more genetic variability exists than can have an impact on success

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motoo kimura

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first proposed selectively neutral variables

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punctuated equilibria

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palentologsists (steven Gould) suggest that darwin's theory does not apply to all organisms, can have long period with no change and then rapid period of change,

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creation science

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want to put the biblical version as 'science' so it can get equal treatment in schools

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adaptation

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an genetically-controlled characteristic that increases an organisms fitness

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fitness

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an individual's probable genetic contribution to succeeding generations

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deme

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a local population of genetically similar individuals in which interbreeding is likely and which are exposed to similar selection pressures

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biological species concept

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a group of natural populations that share a common gene pool and are reproductively isolated from other groups in nature

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batesian mimicry

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model is toxic to predators and mimics are close enough to model to be ignored

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mullerian mimicry

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model and all mimics are equally toxic so all reinforce

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polyploidy

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reproduction method in plants, duplication of entire chromocomal complements producing sterile hybrids that reproduce by autogamy, allows rapid colonization

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anagenesis

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a lineage that changes slowly through time and does not generate species

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cladogenesis

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species formation with a splitting of lineage

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allopatric speciation

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accumulation of genetic differences within subdivisions of a population after separation of a physical barrier

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parapatric speciation

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accumulation of genetic differences in absence of a physical barrier, in a peripheral population at edge of species range

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sympatric speciation

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accumulation of genetic differences in a population within the species range usually in species occupying "patchy" environments, may be caused by restricted gene flow

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genetic drift

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change in frequency of alleles in a populations, tends to happen in small populations

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bottle necking

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when a large population is reduced to a small number, that small number determines alleles of next generation

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founder effect

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individual will by chance end up in a new environment

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prezygotic mechanism for reproductive isolation

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ecological, temporal (seasonal), ethological (behavioral), mechanical and gametic - more economical

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postzygotic isolation mechanisms

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hybrid inviability, hybrid sterility, hybrid breakdown (reduced fertility)

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process of polyploidy

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diploid cell goes through meiosis to produce two diploid gametes which self fertilize to make one tetraploid

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taxonomy

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theory and practice of identifying and classifying organisms in a hierarchical system

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systematics

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study of patterns of descent of organisms and relationships between them

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phylogeny

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the patterns of descent reflecting the course of evolution in a particular group

Front 81

sympatric speciation

Back 81

accumulation of genetic differences in a population within the species range usually in species occupying "patchy" environments, may be caused by restricted gene flow

Front 82

genetic drift

Back 82

change in frequency of alleles in a populations, tends to happen in small populations

Front 83

bottle necking

Back 83

when a large population is reduced to a small number, that small number determines alleles of next generation

Front 84

founder effect

Back 84

individual will by chance end up in a new environment

Front 85

prezygotic mechanism for reproductive isolation

Back 85

ecological, temporal (seasonal), ethological (behavioral), mechanical and gametic - more economical

Front 86

postzygotic isolation mechanisms

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hybrid inviability, hybrid sterility, hybrid breakdown (reduced fertility)

Front 87

process of polyploidy

Back 87

diploid cell goes through meiosis to produce two diploid gametes which self fertilize to make one tetraploid

Front 88

taxonomy

Back 88

theory and practice of identifying and classifying organisms in a hierarchical system

Front 89

systematics

Back 89

study of patterns of descent of organisms and relationships between them

Front 90

phylogeny

Back 90

the patterns of descent reflecting the course of evolution in a particular group

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binomial nomenclature

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system of naming by linnaeus, genus and species in latin, before was polynomial

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homologous structures

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features of an organism that indicate common ancestry; correspondence between structures due to inheritance from a common ancestor

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analogous structures

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features with similar functions but do not have common ancestry

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phenetics

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classifies organisms by mean of a large number of unweighted characters, relationships are based on total number of shared characteristics, large number of homologies = evolutionary relationship

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cladistics

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study of relationship by shared, derived characteristics, show pathways from which they derived from a common ancestor

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plesiomorphous

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ancestral features

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symplesiomorphous

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shared ancestral features

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apopmorphous

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derived characteristics

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synapomorphous

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shared derived characteristics

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evolutionary systematics

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use a combination of phenetics and evolutionary relationships by using homologies and branching sequences

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small subunit

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single type of rRNA coding for about 20 proteins in prokaryotes and 30 proteins in eukaryotes, useful in examining ancient evolutionary events

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large subunit

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had 2 (pro) or 3 (euk) rRNAs coding for about 30 proteins in prokaryotes and 40 proteins in eukaryotes, most useful in closely related classification bc "fast evolving"

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molecular clocks

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nucleotide substitutions in rRNA occurs over a manner of time, determining the number of substitutions estimates the length of time of change and how closely related other things are

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eukaryotes

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heterogeneous assemblage of plant, animal and fungus-like, hard to classify

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fungi

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absorptive heterotrophic organisms

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plantae

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photosynthetic, multicellular complex organisms

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animalia

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heterotrophic, ingestive complex organisms

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archaea

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prokaryotic microorganism

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carl woese

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found hairpin loop in rRNA o differentiate archaea and bacteria, suggested trichotomy

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trichotomy

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three domain system above kingdoms of archaea, eucarya and bacteria

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carol cult

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sequenced entire genome of archaea and determined unique

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methanogens

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archaea that produce methane, unique set of coenzymes

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extreme halophiles

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aechaea with high internal salt concentrations use bacteriorhodopsin as photosynthetic pgiment, in salt lakes and ocean shores

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extreme thermophiles

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grow anaerobically, require sulfur for energy, found in boiling water

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william schopf

Back 115

proposed serious of metabolic benchmarks defining different stages in the evolution of prokaryotic diversity. 1. origin of life 2. chemoautotrophic projaryotes (anaerobic) 3. chemoheterotrophs untilized organic molecules produced by chemoautotrophs 4. photoautotrophs (photosynthesis) 5. aerotolerant (oxygenic) photoautotrophs 6. amphiaerobic phrokaryotes 7. aerobic (strict) prokaryotes