Biology 2

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Active transport

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transport that requires energy

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Adipose tissue

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fat cell

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Apical surface

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surface of epithelial cell that is exposed to the body exterior or to the cavity of an internal organ

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Apocrine sweat glands

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type of gland that is found in the skin, breast, eyelid, and ear

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Areolar tissue

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connective tissue made up largely of interlacing fibers

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Arrector pili

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a small muscle connecting a hair follicle to the dermis

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Atrophy

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partial or complete wasting away of a part of the body

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Basement membrane

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a thin, delicate membrane of protein fibers separating an epithelium from underlying tissue

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Blood

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The familiar red fluid in the body that contains white and red blood cells, platelets, proteins, and other elements

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Bulk transport

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movement of materials in biologic systems, particularly across the cell membrane into and out of cells or across epithelial layers

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Cell

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the smallest structural and functional unit of an organism

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Cell division

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the division of a cell into two daughter cells with the same genetic material.

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Centrioles

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a minute cylindrical organelle near the nucleus in animal cells, occurring in pairs and involved in the development of spindle fibers in cell division

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Chromatin

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the material of which the chromosomes of organisms other than bacteria (i.e., eukaryotes) are composed. It consists of protein, RNA, and DNA.

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Chromosomes

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a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes

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Cilia

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an organelle found in eukaryotic cells. Cilia are thick protuberances that project from the much larger cell body

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Collagen fibers

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main structural protein in the extracellular space in the various connective tissues in animal bodies

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Concentration gradient

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process of particles, which are sometimes called solutes, moving through a solution or gas from an area of higher number of particles to an area of lower number of particles

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Connective tissue

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tissue that connects, supports, binds, or separates other tissues or organs

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Crenate

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having a round-toothed or scalloped edge

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Cytoplasm

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cell substance between the cell membrane and the nucleus, containing the cytosol, organelles, cytoskeleton, and various particles

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Cytoskeleton

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microscopic network of protein filaments and tubules in the cytoplasm of many living cells, giving them shape

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Cytosol

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the aqueous component of the cytoplasm of a cell, within which various organelles and particles are suspended

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Dense connective (fibrous) tissue

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type of connective tissue that contains collagen fibers, and functions by providing strong connection between different tissues

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Dermis

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type of connective tissue that contains collagen fibers, and functions by providing strong connection between different tissues

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Desmosomes

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a structure by which two adjacent cells are attached, formed from protein plaques in the cell membranes linked by filaments

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Diffusion

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net movement of molecules or atoms from a region of high concentration (or high chemical potential) to a region of low concentration

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DNA

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molecule that carries the genetic instructions

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Edema

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a condition characterized by an excess of watery fluid collecting in the cavities or tissues of the body

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Elastic cartilage

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flexible cartilage having the matrix infiltrated in all directions by a network of elastic fibers

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Elastic fibers

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a yellowish fiber composed chiefly of elastin and occurring in networks or sheets that give elasticity to tissues in the body

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Electrolytes

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substance that dissociates into ions in solution and acquires the capacity to conduct electricity

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Endocrine glands

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glands of the endocrine system that secrete their products, hormones, directly into the blood rather than through a duct.

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Exocytosis

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process by which a cell transports secretory products through the cytoplasm to the plasma membrane

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extracellular matrix

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collection of extracellular molecules secreted by cells that provides structural and biochemical support to the surrounding cells

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facilitated diffusion

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the diffusion of substances across a biological membrane by means of membrane-spanning carrier molecules that transport substances that otherwise would diffuse slowly or not at all

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fibrocartilage

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cartilage that contains fibrous bundles of collagen, such as that of the intervertebral disks in the spinal cord.

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Fibrosis

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the thickening and scarring of connective tissue, usually as a result of injury.

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filtration

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movement of water and solutes across the cell membrane due to hydrostatic pressure from the cardiovascular system

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first-degree burns

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causes redness and swelling in the outermost layers of skin (epidermis

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flagella

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lash-like appendage that protrudes from the cell body of certain prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

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free radicals

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unstable molecules that can damage the cells in your body

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gap junction

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organized collections of protein channels in cell membranes that allows ions and small molecules to pass between adjacent cells

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generalized cell

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The structural, functional and biological unit of all organisms

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gland

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an organ in the human or animal body that secretes particular chemical substances for use in the body or for discharge into the surroundings

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goblet cells

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a column-shaped cell found in the respiratory and intestinal tracts, which secretes the main component of mucus

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Golgi apparatus

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a complex of vesicles and folded membranes within the cytoplasm of most eukaryotic cells, involved in secretion and intracellular transport.

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granulation tissue

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new vascular tissue in granular form on an ulcer or the healing surface of a wound.

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hair

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An outgrowth of the epidermis, consisting of one or of several cells, whether pointed, hooked, knobbed, or stellated

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hyaline cartilage

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A type of cartilage that is characteristically glossy and smooth in appearance

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hyperplasia

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The abnormal multiplication or increase in the number of normal cells in normal arrangement in a tissue

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hypertonic

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having a higher osmotic pressure than a particular fluid, typically a body fluid or intracellular fluid.

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hypodermis

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the layer of fatty tissue beneath the skin

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hypotonic

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having a lower osmotic pressure than a particular fluid, typically a body fluid or intracellular fluid.

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inclusions

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a body suspended in the cytoplasm, as a granule

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intercalated discs

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undulating double membrane separating adjacent cells in cardiac muscle fibers

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interstitial fluid

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is a solution that bathes and surrounds the tissue cells of multicellular animals

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intracellular fluid

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internal fluid of the cell

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isotonic solution

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solution that has the same salt concentration as cells and blood

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ligament

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a membranous fold that supports an organ and keeps it in position

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lysosomes

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a cell organelle containing enzymes that digest particles and that disintegrate the cell after its death

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melanin

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any of a class of insoluble pigments, found in all forms of animal life, that account for the dark color of skin, hair, fur, scales, feathers, etc.

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membrane junctions

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a type of structure that exists within the tissue of some multicellular organisms, such as animals

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microfilaments

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A thin, helical, single-stranded filament of the cytoskeleton found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells

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microtubules

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a microscopic tubular structure present in numbers in the cytoplasm of cells, sometimes aggregating to form more complex structures

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microvilli

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each of a large number of minute projections from the surface of some cells

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mitochondria

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an organelle found in large numbers in most cells, in which the biochemical processes of respiration and energy production occur

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Mucosae

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an epithelial tissue that secretes mucus and that lines many body cavities and tubular organs including the gut and respiratory passages

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Muscle tissue

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A tissue composed of fibers capable of contracting to effect bodily movement

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nail

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a horny covering on the upper surface of the tip of the finger and toe in humans and other primates

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neoplasm

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a new and abnormal growth of tissue in some part of the body, especially as a characteristic of cancer

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nucleus

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a dense organelle present in most eukaryotic cells, typically a single rounded structure bounded by a double membrane, containing the genetic material

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nervous tissue

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is the main tissue component of the two parts of the nervous system; the brain and spinal cord of the central nervous system, and the branching peripheral nerves of the peripheral nervous system,

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neurons

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a specialized cell transmitting nerve impulses; a nerve cell

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nuclear membrane

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a two-layered membrane surrounding the nucleus of a living cell

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nucleoli

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a small dense spherical structure in the nucleus of a cell during interphase

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nucleoplasm

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the substance of a cell nucleus, especially that not forming part of a nucleolus

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organelles

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any of a number of organized or specialized structures within a living cell.

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osmosis

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a process by which molecules of a solvent tend to pass through a semipermeable membrane from a less concentrated solution into a more concentrated one, thus equalizing the concentrations on each side of the membrane.

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osmotic pressure

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defined to be the pressure required to maintain an equilibrium

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papillary layer

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the superficial layer of the dermis raised into papillae that fit into corresponding depressions on the inner surface of the epidermis

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passive transport

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ions or molecules move along a concentration gradient, which means movement from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

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peroxisomes

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a small organelle that is present in the cytoplasm of many cells and that contains the reducing enzyme catalase and usually some oxidases

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phagocytosis

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the ingestion of bacteria or other material by phagocytes and amoeboid protozoans

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pinocytosis

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the ingestion of liquid into a cell by the budding of small vesicles from the cell membrane.

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plasma membrane

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a microscopic membrane of lipids and proteins that forms the external boundary of the cytoplasm of a cell or encloses a vacuole, and that regulates the passage of molecules in and out of the cytoplasm

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pressure gradient

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physical quantity that describes which direction and at what rate the pressure changes the most rapidly around a particular location

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proteins

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large biomolecules, or macromolecules, consisting of one or more long chains of amino acid residues

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pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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is a type of epithelium that, though comprising only a single layer of cells, has its cell nuclei positioned in a manner suggestive of stratified epithelia

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regeneration

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process of renewal, restoration, and growth that makes genomes, cells, organisms, and ecosystems resilient to natural fluctuations or events that cause disturbance or damage

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reticular connective tissue

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type of connective tissue with a network of reticular fibers

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reticular fibers

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type of fiber in connective tissue composed of type III collagen secreted by reticular cells. Reticular fibers crosslink to form a fine meshwork (reticulin).

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reticular layer

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the lower layer of the dermis, found under the papillary dermis

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ribosomes

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complex molecular machine found within all living cells, that serves as the site of biological protein synthesis

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RNA

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of a class of single-stranded nucleic acid molecules of ribose and uracil, found chiefly in the cytoplasm of cells and in certain viruses

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Rough ER

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a eukaryotic organelle made up of a system of membranous tubes and sacs, that is studded with ribosomes on its surface giving it a rough appearance under the microscope

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Rule of nines

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method used in calculating body surface area involved in burns

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sebaceous glands

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a small gland in the skin which secretes a lubricating oily matter (sebum) into the hair follicles to lubricate the skin and hair.

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second-degree burns

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a burn that causes blistering on the skin but does not damage the deeper layers of the skin or require grafting

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secretion

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a process by which substances are produced and discharged from a cell, gland, or organ for a particular function in the organism or for excretion

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selective permeability

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A feature and a function of the plasma membrane that is essential to maintain homeostasis by regulating the passage of some substances while preventing others from entering the cell

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serous membrane

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a mesothelial tissue that lines certain internal cavities of the body, forming a smooth, transparent, two-layered membrane lubricated by a fluid derived from serum

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simple columnar epithelium

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simple columnar epithelium is a columnar epithelium that is uni-layered. In humans, a simple columnar epithelium lines most organs of the digestive tract including the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. Simple ciliated columnar epithelia line the uterus.

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simple cuboidal epithelium

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is a type of epithelium that consists of a single layer of cuboidal (cube-like) cells. These cuboidal cells have large, spherical and central nuclei. Simple cuboidal epithelia are found on the surface of ovaries, the lining of nephrons, the walls of the renal tubules, and parts of the eye and thyroid

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simple diffusion

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the spontaneous mixing of the molecules or ions of two or more substances resulting from random thermal motion; its rate is proportional to the concentrations of the substances and it increases with the temperature

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simple epithelium

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single layer of cells with every cell in direct contact with the basement membrane that separates it from the underlying connective tissue.

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simple squamous epithelium

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is a single layer of flat cells in contact with the basal lamina (one of the two layers of the basement membrane) of the epithelium

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skeletal muscle

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a muscle that is connected to the skeleton to form part of the mechanical system that moves the limbs and other parts of the body

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smooth visceral muscle

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Muscle tissue that contracts without conscious control, having the form of thin layers or sheets made up of spindle-shaped, unstriated cells with single nuclei and found in the walls of the internal organs, such as the stomach, intestine, bladder, and blood vessels, excluding the heart

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smooth ER

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The membrane network in cytoplasm that is composed of tubules or cisternae. Some membranes carry ribosomes on their surfaces while others are smooth.

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solute pumping

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a form of active transport of a solute through a cell membrane. Solute pumping allows a molecule that cannot regularly cross the lipid bilayer (because of concentration gradient, polarity, or other reasons) to enter the cell by way of a protein channel.

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solute

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the minor component in a solution, dissolved in the solvent.

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solvent

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the liquid in which a solute is dissolved to form a solution

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stratified columnar epithelium

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type of epithelial tissue composed of column shaped cells arranged in multiple layers. Stratified columnar epithelia are found in the ocular conjunctiva of the eye, in parts of the pharynx and anus, the female's uterus, the male urethra and vas deferens.

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stratified cuboidal epithelium

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composed of multiple layers of cube-shaped cells. Only the most superficial layer is made up of cuboidal cells, and the other layers can be cells of other types. This is because, conventionally, naming of stratified epithelium is based on the type of cell in the most superficial layer.

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stratified epithelium

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cellular covering of internal and external surfaces of the body

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stratified squamous epithelium

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consists of squamous (flattened) epithelial cells arranged in layers upon a basal membrane

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striations

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to mark with striae; furrow; stripe; streak

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stroma

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the supportive tissue of an epithelial organ, tumor, gonad, etc., consisting of connective tissues and blood vessels

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sudoriferous glands

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small tubular structures situated within and under the skin (in the subcutaneous tissue). They discharge sweat by tiny openings in the surface of the skin.

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supporting cells

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cells that provide support and protection and perhaps contribute to the nutrition of principal or other cells of certain organs

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sweat glands

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a small gland that secretes sweat, situated in the dermis of the skin

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tendon

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a flexible but inelastic cord of strong fibrous collagen tissue attaching a muscle to a bone

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third degree burn

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a burn of the most serious kind, in which the skin and the tissues beneath it are severely damaged

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tight junctions

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closely associated areas of two cells whose membranes join together forming a virtually impermeable barrier to fluid

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tissue

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any of the distinct types of material of which animals or plants are made, consisting of specialized cells and their products

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transcription

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the process by which genetic information represented by a sequence of DNA nucleotides is copied into newly synthesized molecules of RNA, with the DNA serving as a template

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transitional epithelium

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type of tissue consisting of multiple layers of epithelial cells which can contract and expand. It is so named because of this function in the transition of degree of distension

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translation

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process in which cellular ribosomes create proteins

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Endocytosis

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form of active transport in which a cell transports molecules (such as proteins) into the cell (endo- + cytosis) by engulfing them in an energy-using process

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endoplasmic reticulum

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network of membranous tubules within the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell, continuous with the nuclear membrane

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enzymes

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a substance produced by a living organism that acts as a catalyst to bring about a specific biochemical reaction

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epidermis

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the outer layer of cells covering an organism

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epithelium

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the thin tissue forming the outer layer of a body's surface and lining the alimentary canal and other hollow structures

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endocrine glands

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any gland of the body that secretes hormones directly into the blood or lymph, e.g. the thyroid, pituitary, pineal, and adrenal glands