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135 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Inductive Reasoning |
Uses specific observations to construct general specific principles Bottom-up approach |
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Deductive Reasoning |
General principles to specific results |
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Hypothesis |
Possible explanation for an observation |
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Reductionism |
Break a complex process down to its simpler parts |
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Models |
Stimulate phenomena |
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Scientific theory |
Body of interconnected concepts |
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Observe and formulate a problem Make a hypothesis Perform a experiement Make generalization Apply principles |
Scientific Method |
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Variables |
Factors involved in a experiment |
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Control variable |
Constant/unchanged |
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Manipulated Variable |
Variable that is being tested |
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Independent variable |
Stands alone |
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Dependent variable |
Depends on the other factors |
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Experimental group |
Group manipulated |
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Control group |
Reference group |
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Technology |
Application of science for a practical purpose |
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Biology |
Science that studies life and it is all around us |
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1.Cellular Leve 2.Organismal Level 3.Population level 4. Ecosystem Level 6. Bisophere |
Levels of Organization |
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Atoms-Molecules-organelles-cells |
Cellular Level |
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Tissues-Organs-Organ systems-organism |
Organismal level |
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Population-species-biological community |
Population level |
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Biological Community + Physical Habitat |
Ecosystem Level |
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Biosphere |
Entire planet through of as an ecosystem |
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Emergent properties |
New properties present at one level that are not seen in the previous level |
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Metabolism |
Chemical reactions that occur in cells |
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Photosynthesis |
Chemical reactions that use solar energy to form chemical energy |
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Homeostasis |
Chemical reactions must be kept in balance |
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Adaptations |
Modifications that make a particular type of organism |
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Evolution |
Descent with modification driven by the process of natural selection |
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Population |
Individuals of the same species |
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Community |
Population of species |
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Ecosystem |
Interaction of communities |
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Biogenesis |
Production of living organisms from another living organism |
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Abiogenesis |
Hypothetical organic phenomenom by which living organisms are created from non living matter |
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Robert Hooke |
Discovered cells while looking at a thin slice of cork. Described cells as living boxes or honeycomb. |
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Anton Van Leeuwenhoek |
Used a handmade microscope to observe pond scum and discovered single celled organisms Animalcules
Cells are found in animals as well as plants |
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Rudolf Virchow |
Cells must arise from pre-existing cells |
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Divine Creation |
Life came from a divine being |
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Spontaneous Origin |
Life evolved from inaminate objects |
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Panspermia |
Meteor or cosmic dust may have carried to earth significant amounts of organic material |
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Light Microscope |
Viewl cells but not in detail |
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Electron Microscope |
Cells to be viewed in greater detail |
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Micrograph |
Image formed by a microscope |
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Magnification |
Object appears to be bigger |
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Resolution |
Clarity of the image |
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Plasma/Cell Membrane Cytoplasm Nucleus/Nucleoid |
3 Major Features all cells have in common |
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Prokaryote Eukaryote |
2 TYPES OF CELL |
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Prokaryote |
Before the nut Lacks membrane bound nucleus Small in size |
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Archaebacteria |
Bacteria living in extreme environment |
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Semi-Permiable |
Plasma membrane of a Prokaryotic Cell |
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Cell Wall |
Rigid; Maintains the shape of the cell especially when exposed to higher water influx |
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Capsule |
Protective layer made of polysaccharides |
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Single coiled chromoses |
DNA of a bacterium |
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Plasmid |
Used today for cloning and manipulation |
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Flagella/Flagellum Fimbriae Sex Pili/Conjugate Pili |
Appendages |
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Sex Pili/Conjuagte Pili |
Allows cell to cell communication |
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Fimbriae |
Small bristlelike fibers that allow bacteria to attach themselves to surfaces |
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Flagella/Flagellum |
Allows locomotion |
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Eukaryotes |
True nut Membrane bound nucleus is present |
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Cytoskeleton |
Protein lattice that maintains cell shape |
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Phospolipid Bilayer |
Plasma membrane of eukaryotes |
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Charge Phospate Group Glycerol Fatty Acid Chains |
Parts of the phospolipid bilayer |
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Charge Phosphate Group and Glycerol |
Forms the head; Hydrophilic;Polar molecule |
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Fatty Acid Chains |
-2 -Forms the tail -Hydrophobic -non Polar |
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Fluid Mosaic Model |
Describes the plasma membrane as phospholipid bilayer |
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Nucleus |
Storehouse of information in the form of DNA |
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DNA( Deoxyribonucleid acid) |
Composed of molecules segmented into portions |
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Genes |
Portions of DNA |
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Histones |
Group of proteins |
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RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) |
Nucleic acid produced in the nucleus |
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Messenger RNA |
Carries the information for amino acid sequence of a protein |
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Ribosomal RNA |
Combines with specific proteins to form the subunits of ribosomes |
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Nucleolus |
Dense region where small organelles for making proteins |
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Endomembrane System |
Compartamentalizes the cell and carries molecules between components of the system |
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Endoplasmic Reticulum |
Complicated system of membranous channels |
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Lumen |
Interior of the ER |
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Rough ER |
Studded with ribosomes and packaged in Transport Vesicles |
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Smooth ER |
Synthesizes lipids;breaks down alcohol and drugs |
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Transport Vesicles |
Transports proteins to ER-GOlgi |
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Storage Vesicle |
Short lived and recycled |
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Golgi Apparatus |
Layered stack membrane enclosed space where proteins arc processed,sorted and delivered |
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Lysosomes |
Contain proteins that digest molecules or structures within the cell |
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Apoptosis |
Programmed cell death |
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Vacuoles |
Fluid filled sac for storage |
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Central Vacuole |
Strengthens the cell and helps support plants by making it erect |
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Chloroplasts |
Uses solar energy to synthesize carbohydrates |
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Mitochondria |
Produces Adenosine Triphospate (ATP) Powerhouse of the cell |
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Stroma |
Liquid portion of chloroplasts |
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Cytoskeleton |
Network of protein filaments and tubules that extends from nucleus to plasma membrane |
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Cellular Respiration |
Breakdown of molecules to produce ATP |
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Centrioles |
Cylinder shaped organelles of 9 triplets located in centrosome |
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Centrosome |
Dense region of cytoplasm |
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Cilia and Flagella |
Hairlike projection |
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1. Actin Filaments 2. Microtubules 3. Intermidiate Filaments |
3 Components of Cytoskeleton |
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Microtubules |
Lengthy and thickiest |
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Microfilaments / Actin Filaments |
Thinnest and flexible |
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Intermediary Filaments |
Ropelikev |
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Cellular Reproduction |
Replaces worn out or damaged cells |
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46 chromosomes |
Typical chromosome number of a human |
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G1 Phase S Phase (Synthesis Phase) G2 Phase |
Interphase stages |
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G1 Phase (Gap 1) |
Commits to cell division. Cell doubles the number of organelles. |
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S phase (Synthesis phase) |
Creates the duplicate strand |
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G2 Phase (Gap 2) |
Synthesizes proteins |
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Cytokinesis |
Division of the cytoplasm |
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Prophase Metaphas Anaphase Telophase |
4 phases of mitosis |
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Cleavage Furrow |
Cytokinesis in animal cells |
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Cancer |
Disease of the cell cycle |
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Carcinogenesis |
Development of cancerous cells |
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Carcinomas Sarcomas Leukemias |
Classification of cancer |
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Carcinomas |
Cancer of the organs |
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Sarcomas |
Cancer of the muscles |
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Leukemias |
Cancer of the blood |
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Tumor |
Cancer cells form a mass of dividing cells |
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Benign tumor |
Encapsulated |
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Cancer in situ |
Remain in its place of origin |
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Malignant tumor |
Invades neighbouring tissues |
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Angiogenesis |
New blood cells form to feed nutrients to a cancerous tumor |
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Surgery Radiation Therapy Hormonal Therapy |
Ways to treat cancer |
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2n=46 |
Diploid |
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n=23 |
Haploid |
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Meiosis |
Process of cell division that contributes to sexual reproduction |
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23 |
Number of gametes |
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Spermatogonesis |
Sperm cell production |
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Oogenesis |
Egg production |
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Nondisjunction |
Error in Meiosis |
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Trisonomy Monosomy |
2 types of nondisconjuction |
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Trisonomy |
Third chromosome of one type is present |
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Monosomy |
One chromosome of a pair is absent |
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Forms a tetras and a crossing over occurs |
Prophase 1 |
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Metaphase I |
Tetrad align themselves in the equator |
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Anaphase I |
Homologous chromosome seperate. Cleavage furrow occur |
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Telophase I |
Nucleoli appear,cell devides and. Forms 2 daughter cell |
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Prophase II |
Spindle appears , nuclear and nucleolus gone |
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Metaphase II |
Dyads line up in the spindle equator |
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Anaphase II |
Sister chromatids of the dyad seperate |
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Telophase II |
Spindle dissapears, nuclear envelope reforms |
