Biology 2

Front 1

Cells control their chemical environment using

Back 1

Energy ATP

enzymes

The plasma membrane

Front 2

Organic compounds are relatively rich in such

Back 2

Chemical energy

Front 3

ATP

Back 3

Acts like an energy shuttle, storing energy from food

Front 4

ATP stands for

Back 4

Adenosine triphosphate

Front 5

Metabolism

Back 5

Total of all chemical reactions in an organism

Front 6

Most mean olive reactions require the assurance if _________, proteins that speed up chemical reactions.

Back 6

Enzymes

Front 7

Enzymes lower the ______ ______ for chemical reactions

Back 7

Activation energy

Front 8

A specific reactant molecule

Back 8

Substrate

Front 9

The _____ ____ fits to the substrate and the enzyme changes shape slightly.

Back 9

Active site

Front 10

Induced fit

Back 10

When the active site fits into the substrate and the enzyme changed shape slightly.

Front 11

These can prevent metabolic reactions by binding to the active site.

Back 11

Enzyme inhibitors

Front 12

Some products of a reaction may inhibit the enzyme required for it's production, this is called

Back 12

Feedback regulation

Front 13

Transport proteins

Back 13

Located in membranes and regulate the passage if materials into and out if the cell

Front 14

The tendency for molecules of any substance to spread out into the available space

Back 14

Diffusion

Front 15

Diffusion if a substance across a membrane without the I out of energy

Back 15

Passive transport

Front 16

Substance diffuse their _______ _______, a region in which the substance's density changes.

Back 16

Concentration gradient

Front 17

Active needs

Back 17

ATP

Front 18

The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

Back 18

Osmosis.

Front 19

Hypertonic

Back 19

Solution has a higher concentration of solute. Water is low.

Front 20

Hypotonic

Back 20

Solution has a lower concentration of solute. Water is high.

Front 21

Isotonic

Back 21

Solution had an equal confrontation of solute

Front 22

Osmoregulation

Back 22

Control of water balance within a cell or organism

Front 23

Plasma membrane may pull away from the wall when in the process of

Back 23

Plasmolysis

Front 24

Requires energy to move molecules across a membrane

Back 24

Active transport

Front 25

Exocytosis

Back 25

Secretion of large molecules within vesicles

Front 26

Endocytosis

Back 26

Takes material into a cell within vesicles that bud inward from the plasma membrane

Front 27

A cell engulfs a particle and packages it within a food

Back 27

Phagocytosis

Front 28

A cell gulps droplets of fluid by forming tiny vesiclss

Back 28

Pinocytosis

Front 29

A cell takes in a very specific molecule

Back 29

Receptor-meditated endocytosis

Front 30

Signal transduction pathways

Back 30

Relay the signal concert it to chemical forms that can function with the cell

Front 31

Animals depend on plants to convert solar energy to

Back 31

Chemical energy of sugars

Front 32

Uses light energy from the sun to power a chemical process that makes organic molecules

Back 32

Photosynthesis

Front 33

Uses light energy from the sun to power a chemical process that makes organic molecules

Back 33

Photosynthesis

Front 34

The ingredients for photosynthesis are _____&______

Back 34

Carbon dioxide and water

Front 35

Cellular respiration occurs in the

Back 35

Mitochondria

Front 36

Cellular respiration

Back 36

Generated ATP

Front 37

Animals only perform

Back 37

Cellular respiration

Front 38

Plants perform

Back 38

Photosynthesis and cellular respiration

Front 39

A ________ process requires oxygen

Back 39

Aerobic

Front 40

Cellular respiration and ___________ are closely related.

Back 40

Breathing

Front 41

Cellular respiration can produce up to _________ molecules for each glucose molecule consumed.

Back 41

38 ATP

Front 42

There is an electron transfer to ________ which releases energy.

Back 42

Oxygen

Front 43

Cellular respiration is a controlled _____ __ _________

Back 43

Fall of electrons

Front 44

The first step is an electron acceptor called

Back 44

NAD+

Front 45

Deadly poison we talked about in class. Stops ATP production.

Back 45

Cyanide.

Front 46

Fermentation is the _______ harvest of food energy.

Back 46

Anaerobic

Front 47

In human muscle cells, ______ _____ is a by product.

Back 47

Lactic acid

Front 48

Yeast is a type of microscopic fungus that produces _____ and _____ instead of lactic acid.

Back 48

CO2 and ethyl alcohol.

Front 49

What process transforms light energy into chemical energy?

Back 49

Photosynthesis.

Front 50

Organisms that use photosynthesis are

Back 50

Photosynthetic autotrophs.

Front 51

The site of photosynthesis are

Back 51

Chloroplasts

Front 52

Inside chloroplasts are membranous sacs called ________

Back 52

Thylakoids

Front 53

Thylakoids are suspended in a thick fluid called what?

Back 53

Stroma

Front 54

Thylakoids are concentrated in stacks called ______

Back 54

Grans

Front 55

Electron transport chain

Back 55

Involves a series of redox reactions

Ultimately leads to the production of large amounts of ATP.

Front 56

The green color if chloroplasts is from ________, a light absorbing pigment.

Back 56

Chlorophyll

Front 57

Tiny pores in leaves where carbon dioxide enters and oxygen exits.

Back 57

Stomata

Front 58

Equation for photosynthesis

Back 58

6CO2 + H2O >light energy> C6H12O6 + 6O2

Front 59

Electrons are boosted ______ and added to carbon dioxide.

Back 59

Uphill

Front 60

During photosynthesis water is what?

Back 60

Split.

Front 61

Two stages of phitosynthesis

Back 61

Light reactions

Calvin cycle

Front 62

Describe the light reactions.

Back 62

Converts solar energy to chemical energy.

Front 63

Describe the Calvin cycle

Back 63

Uses the products of the light reactions to make sugar from carbon dioxide.

Front 64

Full range is radiation is called the __________ __________

Back 64

Electromagnetic spectrum

Front 65

Chlorophyll A

Back 65

Participates directly in the light reactions.

Front 66

Three stages of cellular respiration

Back 66

Glycolysis

The citric acid cycle

Electron transport

Front 67

Chlorophyll B

Back 67

Participates indirectly in the light reactions

Front 68

Carotenoids

Back 68

Absorb and dissipate excessive light energy that light damage chlorophyll. Orange and yellow fall colors.

Front 69

Light behaves as ______, discrete packets of energy

Back 69

Photons

Front 70

Photosystem

Back 70

Group of chlorophyll and other molecules that function as a light gathering antenna.

Front 71

Two types is photo systems cooperate in the light reactions

Back 71

The water splitting photo system.

The NADPH producing photo system.

Front 72

The Calvin cycle functions like a sugar factory within the _____ of a _______

Back 72

Stroma, chloroplast.

Front 73

A six carbon glucose molecule is split in half to form two molecules of ____ ____

Back 73

Pyruvic Acid

Front 74

Glycolysis uses two ATP molecules per glucose to ______ the six carbon glucose

Back 74

Split

Front 75

The citric acid cycle conpletes the _______ of _____

Back 75

Breakdown, sugar

Front 76

The citric acid cycle extracts the energy of sugar by breaking the acetic molecules all the way down to ____

Back 76

CO2

Front 77

The citric acid cycle forms _____ and ______

Back 77

NADH and FADH2

Front 78

The molecules of the electron transport chain are built into the inner membranes of what?

Back 78

Inner membranes of mitochondria.

Front 79

Hydrogen ions flow through what?

Back 79

ATP synthase

Front 80

Slow twitch fibers

Back 80

Less power. Generates ATP using oxygen.

Front 81

Fast twitch fibers

Back 81

More power. Can generate ATP without using oxygen.