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88 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is a prokaryote? |
•single-celled organism •lack a nucleus •dont have any membrane-bound organelles. |
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what is a eukaryote? |
•single and multi-celled organisms •have a true nucleus •have membrane-bound organelles |
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what are the 8 characteristics of living things? |
1. made of cells 2. reproduce 3. based on a universal genetic code(DNA) 4.grow and develop 5.obtain and use materials & energy 6. respond to their environment 7. maintain homeostasis 8. change over time
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what is an enzyme? |
protein that speed up a reaction by lowering the activation energy.(energy needed to start a reaction) |
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what are the 4 major biological molecules? |
1. carbohydrates 2. lipids 3. proteins 4.nucleic acids |
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what is a carbohydrate? |
•made up of Carbon Hydrogen, and Oxygen •types of carbohydrates -monosaccahrides(one sugar) -disaccharides(two sugars) -polysaccharides(many sugars) •energy source for cells |
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what is a lipid? |
•made up of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorous •makes up cell membrane |
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what is a protein? |
•made up of amino acids which contain Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, and Sulfur •structure and defense |
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what are nucleic acids? |
•made up of Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, and Phosphorhs •make DNA and RNA |
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what is a nucleus? |
•controls the activites of the cell •contains thd DNA |
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what is a ribosome? |
•makes proteins |
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what is the endoplasmic reticulum? |
Smooth- makes lipids Rough-makes proteins |
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what is chloroplasts? |
•used for photosynthesis |
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what is a mitochondria? |
•used for celluar respiration to make energy |
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what is the golgi body? |
•modify, sort, and ship lipids and proteins |
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what is passive transport? |
•transport that does not require energy |
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what is diffusion? |
•movement of material across the membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration |
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what is a hypertonic solution? |
•solution with a higher solute concentration than then cell -water will move out of cell (cell shrivels) |
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what is osmosis? |
•the diffusion of water |
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what is a hypotonic solution? |
•solution with a lower solute concentration than the cell -water will move into cell (cell will burst) |
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what is an isotonic solution? |
•solution with an equal solute concentration as in the cell -no net movement of water |
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what is faciliated diffusion? |
•diffusion with the help of membrane proteins |
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what is active transport |
transport that requires the input of energy |
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what is endocytosis? |
•movement of large amounts of material into the cell by the folding in of the membrane |
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what is pinocytosis? |
•"cell-drinking" |
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what is phagocytosis? |
•"cell-eating" |
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what is exocytosis? |
•movement of large amounts of material out of the cell |
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what is ATP? |
•adenosine triphosphate •made during celluar respiration •source of energy for celluar activities |
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what is photosynthesis? the equation? |
6CO2+6H2O----> C6H12O6+6O2 •process by which producers (autotrophs) make their own food |
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how does chlorophyll and chloroplasts relate to photosynthesis? |
•chlorophyll is a green pigment used in photosynthesis •chloroplast is the organelle in which photosynthesis occurs |
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what are the two steps of photosynthesis? |
•Light reaction(occurs in the grana or "thylakiod membrane": -water is split, oxygen is released, energy molecules needed for Calvin Cycle are produced (NADPH) •Calvin Cyle(occurs in stroma): -carbon dioxide combines with hydrogen molecules to make sugar |
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what are the types of celluar respiration? the equation? |
C6H12O6+6O2----> 6CO2+6H2O •aerobic and anaerobic |
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what is aerobic respiration? |
•requires oxygen (only 36 ATP are produced) |
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what is anaerobic respiration? |
•does not require oxygen (only 2 ATP are produced) -Lactic Acid Fermentation (only in animal muscles) -Alcohol Fermentation (in bacteria/fungi) |
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what are the 3 steps to aerobic respiration? |
1. Glycolysis- the sugar is split into 2 pyruvic acids, 2 ATP are used and 4 ATP are produced for a net gain of 2 ATP (occurs in cytoplasm) 2. Krebs Cycle- high energy molecules NADH and FADH2 are produced, carbon dioxide is releases, 2 ATP made (occurs in mitochondria) 3. Electron Transport Chain- 32 ATP are made, water is released -(occurs in mitochondria) |
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what are biotic factors? |
•all the living organisms in an ecosystem -plants, animals, bacteria) |
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what are abiotic factors? |
•the non-living factors in an ecosystem -(water, light, temperature) |
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what are the Levels of Organization? |
-Organism: an individual of a species -Population: a group of organisms of the same species -Community: the many populations within an ecosystem -Ecosystem: the living things in a community plus the non-living things -Terrestrial: land ecosystems -Aquatic: water ecosystems -Marine: salt-water ecosystems -Biosphere: all of the ecosystems on Earth |
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what is population size? |
• the number of organisms living together in the same area at the same time |
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what is population density? |
• the number of organisms in a given area |
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what is population growth? exponential growth? logistic growth? |
•Population growth: the change in size of population •Exponential growth: under ideal conditions, population with increase indefinitely •Logistic growth: when resources become limited, the population growth slows down and stabilizes |
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what is carrying capacity? |
• the maximum number of individuals an environment can support |
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what is density-dependent limiting factors? |
• limiting factors that are affected by the size of the population - competition, predation, disease |
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what are density-independent limiting factors? |
• limiting factors that are unaffected by the size of a population - weather, fires, drought, human activities |
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what is a habitat? |
• the place where an organism lives |
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what is a niche? |
• the role of organisms place in its habitat |
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what are some examples of biomes? |
• tundra, taiga, tropical rainforest, temperate rainforest, desert, dry lands |
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what is an autotroph? |
• producers - organisms that make their own food |
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what are heterotrophs? |
• consumers - organisms that must feed on other organisms |
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what are decomposers? |
• organisms that feed on dead matter |
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what are trophic levels? |
• the position in the food chain |
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what are food chains? |
• they show the movement of energy through an ecosystem |
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what is a food web? |
• shows the many different food chains in an ecosystem |
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what are energy pyramids? |
• show the amount of energy available at each level of the food chain |
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what is succession? |
• changes that take place in a community |
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what is primary succession? |
• occurs in a community where life did not previously exist |
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what is a pioneer species? |
• the first organism that moves into a community |
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what is secondary succession? |
• occurs when the dominant plant life of a community is removed |
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what is a climax community? |
• the final, stable community |
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what are renewable resources? |
• resources that can be replaced |
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what for non-renewable resources? |
• resources that cannot be replaced |
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what is extinction? |
• the complete disappearance of a species |
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what is a threatened species? |
• species that are declining rapidly |
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what are endangered species |
• species that are almost extinct |
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what is pollution? |
• the contamination of soil, air, and water |
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what is the greenhouse affect? |
• trapping of heat in the atmosphere |
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what is the ozone layer? |
• layer of ozone that protects earth from harmful UV radiation |
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what are the three R's of conservation? |
• reduce reuse recycle |
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what are the six kingdoms? |
1. Archaebacteria 2. Eubacteria 3. Protista 4. Fungi 5. Plantae 6. Animalia |
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What are some characteristics of the kingdom archaebacteria? |
• cell type - prokaryote • number of cells - unicellular • it is an autotroph • reproduces asexually • some can move and some can't |
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what are some characteristics of the Kingdom eubacteria? |
• cell type- prokaryote • number of cells - unicellular • autotroph or heterotroph • reproduces asexually • some can and some cannot move |
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what are some characteristics of the kingdom Protista? |
• cell type - eukaryote • number of cells - mainly unicellular, can also be multicellular • it is a heterotroph • reproduces both sexual or asexually • some can and some cannot move |
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what are some characteristics of the kingdom Fungi? |
• cell type - eukaryote • number of cells- only unicellular because of yeast but mostly multicellular • it is a heterotroph • reproduces both sexually or asexually • cannot move |
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what are some characteristics of the kingdom Plantae? |
• cell type - eukaryotes • number of cells - multicellular • they are autotrophs • reproduce sexually • lack mobility |
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what for some characteristics of the kingdom Animalia? |
• cell type - eukaryote • number of cells - multicellular • they are heterotrophs • reproduce sexually • can move |
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in a controlled experiment, how many variables are being tested by the scientist? |
2 |
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describe a compound light microscope, transmission electron microscope, and a scanning electron microscope |
• compound light microscope - light passes through object • transmission electron microscope- passes beam of electrons through object • scanning electron microscope - beam of electrons sweep over and bounce off object |
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what part of the microscope is used to focus on low power? high power? |
• low power - coarse focus knob • high power - fine focus knob |
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what is the shape of a nucleic acid? |
• double helix |
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what is cohesion? how does cohesion create high surface tension in water? |
• allows water molecules to stick to other water molecules • all the molecules on the surface stick tightly together creating high surface tension |
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what is a vacuole? |
• hold excess water, food, and waste in a cell |
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what is a flagella? |
• helps with cell movement |
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who came up with the modern classification system? how many levels did his system have? |
• Carlos Linnaeus • 7 systems |
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what Kingdom in the five Kingdom system contains organisms that are now classified in Kingdom archaebacteria and Kingdom eubacteria? |
• Monera |
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what system is used to give organisms a scientific name? which part of the name is the genus name? which part is the species name? |
• binomial nomenclature • genus - first part • species - second part |
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what is mutualism, parasitism, and commensalism? |
• mutualism - two organisms with a relationship that benefits both • parasitism - two organisms with a relationship that is harmful to one and beneficial to the other • commensalism - two organisms with a relationship that doesn't benefit or harm one but is beneficial to the other |
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what is ecology? |
•the study of organisms and their physical enviroment |
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what is the structure of a nucleotide? |
•a sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogen base |
