Lymphatic System

Front 1

What are the locations and functions of lymph capillaries?

Back 1

Found in interstitial spaces, lie parallel to blood capillaries.

Draw in interstitial fluid into lymphatic system.

Front 2

Where are villi and lacteals located?

Back 2

small intestine

Front 3

What are villi?

Back 3

small projections lining the small intestine, contain lacteals.

Front 4

How big are lymph capillaries?

Back 4

microscopic, 1 layer thic

Front 5

What are lacteals?

Back 5

specialized lymph capillaries, transport lipids away from the digestive tract.

Front 6

What is the lymphatic system?

Back 6

network of vessels that assist in the circuation of body fluids

Front 7

What are the functions of the lymphatic system?

Back 7

1. Transports excess fluids away from interstitial spaces and returns it to the bloodstream.

2. Made up of organs that defend against disease.

3. Transports lipids away from the digestive tract.

Front 8

What is the lymphatic pathway?

Back 8

Lymph caillaries--> Afferent lymph vessels---> Lymph nodes--> Efferent Lymph vessesls--> Lymphatic trunks--> Collecting ducts--> Subclavian veins--> enters bloodstream

Front 9

How are lymph vessels formed?

Back 9

From merged lymph capillaries

Front 10

What do Afferent lymph vessels do?

Back 10

Travel to lymph nodes, transports lymph

Front 11

What do Efferent lymph vessels do?

Back 11

Travel away from lymph vessels, transports lymph

Front 12

What is the general structure of a lymph vessel?

Back 12

Resemble veins, made of 3 layers: Endothelial lining, middle layer (smooth muscle and elastic fibers), outer layer (dense connective tissue). Have valves to prevent backflow.

Front 13

How big are lymph nodes?

Back 13

little less than 1 inch in diameter

Front 14

What is a capsule?

Back 14

Surround lymph nodes, made of dense connective tissue

Front 15

What are trabeculae?

Back 15

Extend from capsule into the node. Divides the node into compartments

Front 16

What are the compartments in a lymph node?

Back 16

cortex and medulla

Front 17

What is a cortex?

Back 17

outer portion, dense follicles that contain B cells

Front 18

What is the medulla?

Back 18

inner portion; lymphocytes, macrophages, B cells

Front 19

What are the lymph node locations in the body?

Back 19

Cervical (neck), Inguinal (groin), Axillary (armpit), Thoracic (chest), Abddominal (stomach), Pelvic (rectum)

Front 20

What are the functions of the lymph nodes?

Back 20

1. Destroy foreign organisms found in the lymph

2. Help activate our immune system

Front 21

What is the function of lymphatic trunks?

Back 21

drain lymph from large parts of the body by way of teh efferent lymph vessels

Front 22

What are the locations of the lymphatic trunks?

Back 22

Lumbar, Intestinal, Bronchomediastinal, Subclavian, Jugular

Front 23

Lumbar lymphatic trunk

Back 23

2 (right/left), drains lymph from legs, lower abdominal cavity, and pelvic organs

Front 24

Intestinal lymphatic trunks

Back 24

1, drains lymph from abdominal viscera

Front 25

Bronchomediastinal lymphatic trunk

Back 25

2 (right/left), drains lymph from chest

Front 26

Subclavian lymphatic trunk

Back 26

2 (right/left), drains lymph from arms

Front 27

Jugular lymphatic trunks

Back 27

2 (right/left), drains lymph from neck and head

Front 28

How many collecting ducts are there?

Back 28

2 (Left Throacic Collecting Duct/ Thoracic Duct and Right Thoracic Collecting Duct/Lymphatic Duct)

Front 29

What is the function of the collecting ducts?

Back 29

drain lymph from large parts of the body by way of the lymphatic trunks

Front 30

What is the cisterna chyli? Function?

Back 30

large sac anterior to the 1st or 2nd lumbar vertebrae formed by thoracic duct.

collects lymph from lumbar and intestinal trunks (lower regions of the body)

Front 31

Other functions oft the left thoracic collecting duct?

Back 31

collects lymph from: left side of head/neck, left side of thorax, left arm. Lymph goes to left subclavian vein--> into general circulation (blood)

Front 32

Functions of the right thoracic collecting duct?

Back 32

collects from: right side of head/neck, right side of thorax, right arm. Empties lymph into right subclavian vein-->general circulation of blood

Front 33

What are the functions of lymph?

Back 33

1. Carries leaked out protein back to the bood

2. Transports foreign patricles like bateria and viruses to lymph nodes for destruction

3 . Returns fluid to the blood

Front 34

efferent vs. afferent

Back 34

afferent-- towards, efferent--away

Front 35

What controls the flow of the lymph?

Back 35

1. Contraction of skeletal muscles- constrict lymph vessels.

2. Pressure changes in chest- exhale, squeeze lymph vessels.

3. Contraction of smooth muscles in lymph vessels.

Front 36

General characteristics of lymph organs

Back 36

made of lymph tissue- contains lymphocytes and macrophages

Front 37

What 2 cells make up the thymus?

Back 37

Thymocytes and T- Lymphocytes

Front 38

What do thymocytes do?

Back 38

secrete melotonin- sets our sleep cycle

Front 39

What do T-Lymphocytes do?

Back 39

destroy foreign organisms

Front 40

What is the location and function of the spleen

Back 40

Found on the left side of the body, not necessary organ. Cleanses the blood.

Front 41

What are the lymph organs?

Back 41

thymus, spleen, tonsils, peyer's patches

Front 42

What is the structure of the spleen? what is it made up of?

Back 42

white pulp--lymphocyes, looks white

red pulu--looks red, made of RBC's lymphocytes, and macrophages

Front 43

What are the tonsils? what do they do?

Back 43

Made of lymph tissues, born with 3 pairs. Gather and remove foreign organisms that enter the pharynx.

Front 44

What are peyer's patches? what do they do?

Back 44

nodules (clumps), found in ileum of small intestine.

1. destroy harmful bacteria

2. promote immunity

3. generate memory cells

Front 45

What is immunity?

Back 45

type of defense mechanism

Front 46

What is an infection?

Back 46

condition caused by presence and multiplication of a disease causing agent

Front 47

What is a pathogen? types?

Back 47

disease causing agent: viruses, bacteria, fungi, protezoan, parasites, cancer cells

Front 48

what are foreign antigens?

Back 48

found on the plasma membranes of pathogens, cause disease

Front 49

what are the 2 types of immunity?

Back 49

nonspecific and specific

Front 50

What is nonspecific immunity?

Back 50

protects against many types of pathogens, inherited, common in all of us

Front 51

what is specific immunity?

Back 51

protects against a particular disease causing agent, may be different among us. Vaccines or having the disease itself can cause this type of immunity.

Front 52

types of nonspecific immunity

Back 52

species resistance, mechanical barriers, enzyymatic action, interferon, phagocytosis, inflamattion response

Front 53

what is species resistance?

Back 53

each species develops and reisists diseases unique to it

Front 54

What are the types of mechanical barriers?

Back 54

skin, mucous membranes

Front 55

what does the skin do for us?

Back 55

has a pH of 3.5, inhibits bacterial growth, skin is body's first line of defense against disease

Front 56

what do mucous membranes do?

Back 56

traps foreign organisms

Front 57

what 4 systems are lined with mucous membranes?

Back 57

respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive

Front 58

what 2 things carry out enzymatic action?

Back 58

gastric juice and tears

Front 59

what do gastric juices do?

Back 59

found in the stomach, digests food, can also kill pathogens due to enzymes in it

Front 60

what do tears do?

Back 60

have antibacterial agent which cleans the eyes

Front 61

what is interferon? what does it do?

Back 61

peptide (small protien). Made by body in response to presence of viruses and tumors. Inhibits viral growth.

Front 62

what is phagocytosis? what does it do?

Back 62

WBC function ("cell eating"). WBC's destroy pathogens.

Front 63

What is the inflammtion response?

Back 63

1. upon infection, blood vessels dialate

2. capillary permeability increases--tissues become red, swollen, warm, painful

3. WBC's invade area, pus may form

4. Extra body fluids invade the area, threads of fibrin form

5. Fibroblasts appear and form a sac of connective tissue around the wound, inhibiting the spread of pathogens.

6. phagocytosis continues

7. Mitosis occurs, replacing old cells with new cells

8. inflammatioin goes down

Front 64

what is involved with specific immunity?

Back 64

lymphcytes and macrophages

immune mechanism

Front 65

What do lymphocyes and macrophages do?

Back 65

primarily involves use of macrophages. Bring about immune mechanism.

Front 66

What is immune mechanism?

Back 66

occurs when certain cells recognize the presence of foreign substances and work toward their elimination.

Front 67

what are undifferentiated lymphocytes?

Back 67

identical cells, nothing special about them. some are released from red bone marrow into the blood

Front 68

origin of lymphocytes

Back 68

undifferentiated lymphocytes

T cells

B cells

Front 69

T cells

Back 69

about half of undifferentiated lymphocytes reach thymus gland where they differentiate (specialize) into T cells. Make up between 70-80% of lymphocytes in the blood. Also found in lymph nodes, thoracic duct, and white pulp of spleen.

Front 70

B cells

Back 70

other undifferentiated lymphocytes differentiate (specialize) into B cells in red bone marrow. Later released as B cells into the bloodstream. 20-30% of lymphocytes in blood. Also found in lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, secretory glands (sweat, salivary), and intestinal lining.

Front 71

What is cell mediated immunity (CMI)?

Back 71

T cells responsible for CMI- kill pathogens directly by phagocytosis

Front 72

what do B cells in blood make?

Back 72

B cells in blood make plasma cells. Plasma cells make antibodies. Antibodies destroy pathogens, not the B cells.

Front 73

What is Antibody Mediated Immunity (AMI)?

Back 73

Function of the B cells. Antibodies INACTIVATE pathogens, not B cells. Each B cell is capable of producing 10 million-1 billion different antibodies.

Front 74

What are immunoglobulins?

Back 74

made up of 4 chains of amio acids. Amino acids are held together by disulfide bonds.

Front 75

what are 2 light chains?

Back 75

common in all antibodies

Front 76

what are 2 heavy chains?

Back 76

differnt among antibodies. Twice as many amino acids as the light chains. Type of heavy chain determines the type of antibody.

Front 77

What are the types immunoglobulins?

Back 77

IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE

Front 78

What is IgG

Back 78

80% of all antibodies, inactivates bacteria, viruses, and other toxins. Also activate complement.

Front 79

What is complement?

Back 79

group of inactive enzymes

Front 80

what IgA

Back 80

13% of antibodies, located in secretions of our exocrine glands (sweat, salivary). Inactivates bacteria and viruses.

Front 81

IgM, IgD, IgE

Back 81

together make up 7% of antibodies

Front 82

what is IgM

Back 82

found in plasma of blood. Reacts with anti-A and anti-B antibodies, forming clots. Also activates complement.

Front 83

what is IgD

Back 83

found on the surface of B cells. Poorly understood, only has limited significance.

Front 84

What is IgE

Back 84

found in secretions of exocrine glands. Destroys various pathogens. Promotes allergic reactions.

Front 85

Types of direct attack

Back 85

agglutination

precipitation

neutralization

lysis

Front 86

Agglutination

Back 86

antibodies cause foreign antigens to clump together, allows macrophages to easily engulf and elimination them by phagocytosis

Front 87

preciptation

Back 87

antibodies form insoluble substances around the foreign antigens. Makes them more visible for phagocytosis to occur

Front 88

neutralization

Back 88

antibodies cause foreign antigens to lose their toxic portion, making them harmless

Front 89

lysis

Back 89

antibodies cause plasma membranes of pathogens to rupture

Front 90

complement

Back 90

group of inactive enxymes found in the blood plasma and other fluids. IgG and IgM combine with foreign antigens with activates complement.

Front 91

types of complement

Back 91

chemotaxis

opsonization

lysis

altering molecular structure

inflammation response

Front 92

chemotaxis

Back 92

activated enzymes can cause this to occur. attraction of macrophages and neutrophills into an infected area causing phagocytosis

Front 93

opsonization

Back 93

activated enzyme can cause this. causes foreign antigens to clump together, making phagocytosis easier

Front 94

lysis

Back 94

activated enzymes can cause this. antibodies cause plasma membranes of pathogens to ruture

Front 95

altering molecular structure

Back 95

activated enzymes can do this. makes virus harmless

Front 96

inflammtion response

Back 96

activated enzymes can cause this

Front 97

accessory cells or antigen presenting cells

Back 97

in order for T cells to activate/work efficiently, these cells must be present

Front 98

macrophages, B cells

Back 98

type of accessory cells

Front 99

primary immune response

Back 99

activation of B and T cells after first encountering the foreign antigen for which they are specialized to react. Antibodies are released from the lymphatic system into the blood and pathogens are destroyed. Antibodies appear in body fluied 5-10 days following exposure to foreign antigens. Production and release of antibodies continues for several weeks.

Front 100

secondary immune response

Back 100

some B cells remain dorment in body and serve as memory cells. If identical foreign antigens are encountered in the future, memory cells are activated and rapidly destroy the foreign antigen

Front 101

types of specific immunity

Back 101

natural acquired active immunity

artificially acquired active immunity

artificially acquired passive immunity

natural acquired passive immunity

Front 102

natural acquired active immunity

Back 102

occurs when body is exposed to a live pathogen. person has symptoms and acquire primary immune response

Front 103

artificially acquired active immunity

Back 103

occurs when person gets vaccine which contains a weak or dead pathogen. no symptoms, acquire primary immune response

Front 104

artifically acquired passive immunity

Back 104

injection of antibodies with gamma globulins (protein base). short term immunity (1 month), does not acqure primary immune response

Front 105

natural acquired passive immunity

Back 105

occurs when antibodies pass from mother to fetus. short term, does not result in primary immune response

Front 106

types of allergic reations

Back 106

delayed and immediate

Front 107

delayed reaction allergy

Back 107

cause--repeated exposure of the skin to chemicals, like cosmetics or household cleaners.

t-cells--become overactivated and collect in the skin. this results in eruptions and inflammtion, and itches (dermatitis). symptoms take 48 hours to appear.

Front 108

immediate reaction allergy

Back 108

b-cells--activated when allergen is first encountered. subsequent exposure triggers the allergic reaction.

IgE, mast cells, basophils--together trigger allergen-antibody reaction.

Front 109

allergen-antibody reaction

Back 109

results in the release of 3 chemicals: histamine, prostaglandin D2, leukotrienes

Front 110

histamine, prostaglandin D2, leukotrienes

Back 110

as a group can cause: blood vessels to dialate, tissues to swell, bronchials to contract, intestines to contract, mucus to increase

Front 111

tissue rejection reaction

Back 111

recipient's new organ may be recognized as foreign. If so, this can trigger this reaction.

Front 112

major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

Back 112

most cells have a variety of antigens on their surface. all the antigens on a person's body are referred to as MHC. the greater the antigen differences between the donor and the recipient, the more rapid and severe the rejection

Front 113

human leukocyte antigens (HLA)

Back 113

found on the surface of the WBC's, used to match compatability

Front 114

how long does a recipient take antibiotics following the transplant?

Back 114

one year

Front 115

immunosuppressive drugs

Back 115

suppresses antibodies and t-cells

Front 116

autoimmunity

Back 116

occurs when the body destroys healthy tissue

Front 117

possible causes for autoimmunity

Back 117

1. viral-virus can borrow DNA of a WBC and multiply out of control. virus destroys healthy tissue.

2. t-cells may not differentiate correctly in the thymus. t-cells can't tell the difference between good/bad cells, destroy both

3. bad antigen can resemble good antigen in the body. good antigens are destroyed by mistake by WBC's

Front 118

graves disease

Back 118

too much thyroid hormone secreted, antigens of theyroid gland become overactive

symptoms: restlessness, weight loss, irritability, intolerance

treatment: surgery and meds

Front 119

juvenile diabetes

Back 119

antibodies attack healthy pancrease

symptoms: thirst, hunger, weakness, high blood sugar

treatment: diet, exercise, insulin, transplant (very rare)

Front 120

myasthenia graves

Back 120

antibodies attack skeletal muscle

symptoms: muscle weakness

treatment: meds to slow down, no real cure

Front 121

rheumatoid arthritis

Back 121

can attack any age, antibodies attack connective tissue

symptoms: joint pain and deformity

treatment: meds, replace joint

Front 122

lupus

Back 122

antibodies destroy different organs

treat symptoms not disease, more common in females

Front 123

immunodeficiences

Back 123

immune system gets depressed and fails

Front 124

acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) cause

Back 124

HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) first identifies in 1981. t-cells becomes infected with HIV, virus kills t-cells

Front 125

AIDS antibody production

Back 125

HIV is not recognized as foreign by t-cells. virus multiplies in t-cells. t-cells undergo lysis. viruses infect more t-cells. anti-bodies for HIV appear 2-12 weeks after exposure

Front 126

AIDS viral transmission

Back 126

virus transmitted buy intravenous drugs, unprotected sex, infected mom to bay, infected blood transfusion. protection from HIV can come from latex condom with spermicide, not sharing needles, pre-natal care, and never nursing the baby if you are positive.

Front 127

AIDS incubation period

Back 127

time between becoming infected and developing full blown AIDS. could take few months to 10 years. AIDS results in pnuemonia, kaposi's sarcoma, effects brain, very low t-cell count, and high viral load in blood

Front 128

retro virus

Back 128

works backwards, RNA dictates to DNA. HIV virus mutates. most people die 8 years after dianosis, some remain HIV positive more than 20 years after diagnoses.

Front 129

how is AIDS treated?

Back 129

with several different meds (cocktail)