Biology 181 Test2 Study Guide

Front 1

Prokaryotic cells definition

Back 1

Cell without a nucleus or membranous organelles.
"pro" means "before"
"karyote" means "nucleus"

Front 2

Eukaryotic cells definition

Back 2

Cell with a nucleus and the other membranous organelles.
"Eu" means "true"
"karyote" means "nucleus"

Front 3

Prokaryotic Characteristics

Back 3

1. No nucleous
2. has DNA in the nucleid
3. is found in all bacteria
4. many have flagella (for movement)
5. sometimes its in capsule

Front 4

Eukaryotic Characteristics

Back 4

1. Has a nucleus
2. Have organelles

Front 5

what are organelles

Back 5

small membranous bodies with an specific function and structure

Front 6

Prokaryotic main parts

Back 6

1. cell wall
2. plasma membrane
3. cytoplasm

Front 7

Plasma membrane

Back 7

1. Boundary of the cell made of phospholipids (bilayer)
2. Function: To regulate what goes into and out of the cell

Front 8

Nucleus

Back 8

1. Control-center of the cell
2. Holds the DNA
3. Makes sure the cell performs the function it has

Front 9

Where is the DNA?

Back 9

Enclosed in the nucleus. Protected by a nuclear envelope (which is a membrane)

Front 10

Nuclear Pore

Back 10

1. Outside the nucleus
2. Region where the DNA/nucleus SENDS MESSAGES to the cells

Front 11

Chromatin

Back 11

1. Located in the nucleus.
2. It is made up of DNA and proteins.

Front 12

Nucleolus

Back 12

Darken body inside the nucleus.

(Plural: Nucleoli)

Front 13

Ribosomes

Back 13

Factory to make proteins.

Structure: Made of RNA & Proteins

Located:
1. FREE floating ribosomes
(within the cytoplasm)
Make proteins for INSIDE the cell

2. ATTACHED ribosomes:
attached to the Rough ER.
Make proteins to be exported OUTSIDE the cell

Front 14

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Back 14

Neckline Membrane Structure

Front 15

Rough ER

Back 15

Structure: Dotted w/ Ribosomes

Function: Make the proteins to be exported outside the cell
i.e.: Pancreas

Front 16

Smooth ER

Back 16

Neckline Membrane structure. Makes lipids (not protein, not ribosomes)

Function: Detoxification

i.e.: Liver

Front 17

Golgi Apparatus

Back 17

"stacked pancake"
Function: "packaging facility". Processing, packaging & distributing proteins and lipids.

Front 18

Vacuole & Vesicle

Back 18

Membranous sac

Front 19

Lysosome

Back 19

Membrane bound organelle. Has 40 different digestive enzymes

Function: to digest anything in order to make everything new. Breaks down Mitochondria.

Front 20

Tay-Sachs disease

Back 20

happens when Lysosome is missing Lipid-digestive enzyme, causing lipid to build up in brain.

Front 21

Mitochondria

Back 21

Sausage shape structure. Made of bilayer membrane. Present in both Plant & animal cells. Outer membrane has Cristae (finger-like formations)

Function: The more finger-like formations, the more surface area, and more chances of CELLULAR RESPIRATION --needed for energy

Mitochondria MAKES ATP

Mitochondria DNA only comes from maternal side

Front 22

ATP

Back 22

Adenosine Tri-Phosphate (Energy Currency)
TYPES:
1. Mechanical work
2. Transport work
3. Chemical work

Front 23

Chloroplast

Back 23

Present in plants.

Energy generating organelle: takes sun energy and converts it to chemical energy (sugar)

Front 24

Cytoskeleton

Back 24

Made of Proteins.

Skeleton system of the cell.
Three types:
1. Microtubules
2. Microfilaments
3. Intermediate Filaments

Front 25

Types of Cytoskeleton (3)

Back 25

1. Microtubules (Tubulin Protein)
2. Microfilaments (Actin Protein)
3. Intermediate Filaments (several proteins)

Front 26

Centriole

Back 26

Present only in animal cells
Two at 90 degrees from each other

In charge of cell division

Front 27

Cell walls

Back 27

Present only in plant cells.
Made of cellulose. Rigid structure.

Front 28

Central Vacuole Large

Back 28

Only in plant cells. Big area.
Main function is storage (water, nutrients, etc)

Front 29

Structures unique to plant cells...

Back 29

1. Large central vacuole
2. cell walls
3. chloroplast

Front 30

Structures unique to animal cells...

Back 30

1. Small vacuoles
2. centriole

Front 31

Diffusion

Back 31

movement of molecules from
HIGH concentration (HYPERtonic)
to
LOW Concentration (HYPOtonic)

i.e.: Broken bottle of perfume

Front 32

Osmosis

Back 32

Movement of WATER across a semipermeable membrane

Front 33

Which Diffusion is fastest?
a. through a semisolid
b. through a liquid
c. through air

Back 33

through air, then
liquid, then
semisolid

Front 34

Tonicity is...

Back 34

The ability of a solution to cause a cell to GAIN OR LOSE WATER

Front 35

Tonicity depends on....

Back 35

its concentration of solutes and solvents outside the cell compared to inside the cell.

Front 36

Isotonic solution

Back 36

same concentration of solute as the cell.

No net movement of water

Front 37

Hypertonic solution

Back 37

higher solute (lower water) than the cell.

Water moves out of the cell into the solution

Front 38

Hypotonic solution

Back 38

has a lower solute (higher water) concentration than the cell.

Water moves from the solution into the cell.

Front 39

aka: Fluid Mosaic

Back 39

Plasma Membrane

Front 40

What does the Plasma membrane contain?

Back 40

1. Mainly Phospholipid bilayer
2. Cholesterol to give flexibility, fluidity
3. Peripheral & Integral Proteins
4. Carbohydrates

Front 41

Semipermeable
has transport proteins, aka transmembrane proteins

Back 41

Plasma membrane

Front 42

Transmembrane proteins

Back 42

help hydrophillic molecules go across membrane

Front 43

Passive Transport

Back 43

Process of diffusion that requires NO ENERGY.
i.e.: breathing, lungs

Front 44

Types of Tonicity

Back 44

1. Isotonic
2. Hypertonic
3. Hypotonic

Front 45

Active Transport

Back 45

Diffusion from High to low concentration that uses energy (ATP)

Front 46

Normal salt solution in our cell is...

Back 46

0.8% saline

Front 47

What happens to animal cells in a Hypotonic solution

Back 47

Cell fills to bursting due to gain of water

Front 48

What happens to plant cells in a Hypotonic solution

Back 48

central vacuole exerts turgor pressure, and chloroplasts are seen AGAINST the cell wall.

Front 49

What happens to animal cells in a Hypertonic solution

Back 49

cell shrivels due to loss of water

Front 50

What happens to plant cells in a Hypertonic solution

Back 50

central vacuole loses water, and the chloroplasts are seen AWAY from the cell wall

Front 51

What happens to animal cells in a Isotonic solution

Back 51

has normal appearance, no net gain or loss of water

Front 52

What happens to plant cells in a Isotonic solution

Back 52

normal appearance, no net gain or loss of water

Front 53

to use energy, ATP breaks down into...

Back 53

ADP & P

Front 54

Enzymes are...

Back 54

1. very specific
2. biological catalyst: speed up metabolic reactions by lowering barriers.
3. Mainly proteins

Front 55

1 large molecule broken down into 2 small molecules is called:

Back 55

hydrolysis

Front 56

Energy of Activation

Back 56

Energy that must be added to cause molecules to react with one another.

Front 57

Is energy of activation higher or lower in the presence of an enzyme

Back 57

Lower. Enzyme speeds up the reaction.

Front 58

How does enzyme lower the energy of activation?

Back 58

by binding to substrate (reactant)

Front 59

Active Site

Back 59

Part of the enzyme that comes in contact with the substrate

Front 60

Induced Fit

Back 60

Enzyme moves around to embrace the substrate.

Front 61

Factors that affect enzyme activity

Back 61

1. Temperature
2. Substrate concentration
3. pH

Front 62

is the Enzyme used up in the reaction?

Back 62

NEVER. It's recycled.

Front 63

What happens with the enzyme when the temperature is increased

Back 63

the enzyme activity increases

Front 64

Enzyme Inhibitors (types)

Back 64

1. Competitive Inhibition
2. Non-Competitive Inhibition

Front 65

Competitive Inhibition

Back 65

The substrate competes for the active site.
i.e: CO competes w/ CO2

Front 66

Non-Competitive Inhibition

Back 66

Substrate of different shape, and different structure attaches to a site other than the active site

Front 67

Allosteric Regulations

Back 67

1. Activation (Active form)
2. Inhibition (Inactive form)

Both, activator & inhibitor attach to a site other than the active site

Front 68

Allosteric Activation

Back 68

Stabilized by an activator

Front 69

Allosteric Inhibition (Inactive)

Back 69

Stabilized by an inhibitor.

Front 70

Feedback Inhibition

Back 70

Mechanism by which an enzyme is rendered inactive by combining with the product of an enzymatic reaction or pathway.

Front 71

Coenzymes & Cofactors

Back 71

Two types of molecules that help in the enzymatic reaction
1. Coenzymes (organic)
2. cofactors (inorganic)

Front 72

Oxidation

Back 72

Losing electrons or H ions
LO: Lose/Oxigen

Front 73

Reduction

Back 73

Adding electrons or H ions
RA: Reduction/Add