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136 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The capacity to cause change, especially to do work (to move matter against an opposing force).
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Energy
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The energy that matter possesses as a result of its location or spatial arrangement or structure.
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Potential Energy
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The energy associated with the relative motion of objects. Moving matter can perform work by imparting motion to other matter.
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Kinetic Energy
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An adenine-containing nucleoside triphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed. This energy issued to drive energonic reactions in cells.
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ATP
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Water flowing downhill turns a turbine that drives a generator providing electricity to a light bulb, but only until the system reaches equilibrium. ΔG<0 (Before Equilibrium) and ΔG=0 (After Equilibrium)
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Closed Energy System or Closed Hydroelectric system
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Flowing water keeps driving the generator because intake and out flow of water keep the system from reaching equilibrium. ΔG<0 (Flow is constant)
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Open Energy System or Open Hydroelectric System (Energy input constantly)
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The study of energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter.
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Thermodynamics
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The principle of conservation of energy: Energy can be transferred and transformed, but cannot be created or destroyed.
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1st Law of Thermodynamics
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The principle stating that every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe. Ordered forms of energy are at least partly converted to heat.
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2nd Law of Thermodynamics
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Loss of usable energy makes the Universe less organized and more disordered (random). A measure of disorder, or randomness.
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Entropy
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Referring to a molecule that is covalently bonding to a phosphate group. Activates enzyme.
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Phosphorylation
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Molecules that receive a phosphate.
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Phosphorylated
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Team of enzymes needed for several steps of metabolic pathway. Concentrate enzymes for efficiency.
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Multienzyme Complex
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The loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction.
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Oxidation
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The addition of electrons to a substance involved in a redox reaction.
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Reduction
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NAD+ =Nicotinamide andenine dinucleotide-->NAD+ + 2e- +H+-->NADH
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Respiration Coenzymes
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A sequence of electron carrier molecules (membrane proteins) that shuttle electrons during the redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP.
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Electron Transport Systems (chains)
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An energy coupling mechanism that uses energy stored in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work, such as the synthesis of ATP, Most ATP synthesis in cells occurs by __________.
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Chemiosmosis
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A double-stranded, helical nucleic acid molecule, consisting of the nucleotide monomers with a deoxyribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T); capable of being replicated and determining the inherited structure of a cell’s protein.
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Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
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A type of nucleic acid consisting of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and uracil (U); usually single-stranded; functions in protein synthesis, gene regulation, and as the genome of some viruses.
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Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
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One of two the types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides, characterized by a six-membered ring fused to a five-membered ring. Adenine (A) and Guanine (G) are ________.
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Purine
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One of the two types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides, characterized by a six-membered ring. Cytosine (C), Thymine (T), and Uracil (U) are __________.
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Pyrimidine
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A chemical group consisting of a phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms; important in energy transfer.
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Phosphate
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A small protein with a high proportion of positively charged amino acids that binds to the negatively charged DNA and plays a key role in chromatin structure.
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Histones
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A change in genotype and phenotype due to the assimilation of external DNA by a cell. This is based off of the Griffith's experiment with the smooth and rough Bacteria.
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Transformation
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Describing a pathogen against which an organism has little specific defense.
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Virulent
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A virus that attacks bacteria; also called a phage.
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Bacteriophage
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A double stranded DNA molecule made in vitro using mRNA as a template and the enzymes reverse transcriptase and DNA polymerase. AcDNA molecule corresponds to the exons of a gene.
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Complementary Base Points
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Type of DNA replication in which the replicated double helix consists of one old strand, derived from the old molecule, and one newly made strand.
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Semi Conservative Replication
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An enzyme that untwists the double helix of DNA at the replication forks, separating the two strands and making them available as template strands.
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Helicase
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An enzyme that joins RNA nucleotides to make the primer using the parental DNA strand as a template.
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Primase
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A technique for amplifying DNA in vitro by incubating it with specific primers, heat resistant DNA polymerase, and nucleotides.
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Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
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A short segment of DNA synthesized away from the replication fork on a template strand during DNA replication, many of which are joined together to make up the lagging strand of newly synthesized DNA.
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Okazaki Fragment
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A Y-shaped region on a replicating DNA molecule where the parental strands are being unwound and new strands are growing.
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Replication Fork
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The new complementary DNA strand synthesized continuously along the template strand toward the replication fork in the mandatory 5'-->3’ direction.
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Leading Strand
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A discontinuously synthesized DNA strand that elongates by means of Okazaki fragments, each synthesized in a 5’-->3’ direction away from the replication fork.
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Lagging Strand
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The tandemly repetitive DNA at the end of a eukaryotic chromosome’s DNA molecule that protects the organism’s gene from being eroded during successive rounds of replication (See also repetitive DNA.)
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Telomere
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Nucleotide sequences, usually noncoding, that are present in many copies in a eukaryotic genome. The repeated units may be short and arranged tandemly (in series) or long and dispersed in the genome.
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Repetitive DNA
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An enzyme that catalyzes the lengthening of telomeres in eukaryotic germ cells.
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Telomerase
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A discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA (or RNA, in some viruses).
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Genes
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The synthesis of RNA using DNA template.
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Transcription
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The synthesis of a polypeptide using the genetic information encoded in an mRNA molecule. There is a change of “language” from nucleotides to amino acids.
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Translation
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An RNA molecule that functions as an interpreter between nucleic acid and protein language by picking up specific amino acids and recognizing the appropriate condons in the mRNA.
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Transfer RNA (tRNA)
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His definition - Carries message from DNA in Nucleus to ribosomes in cytoplasm.
A type of RNA, synthesized using a DNA template, that attaches to ribosomes in the cytoplasm and specifies the primary structure of a protein. |
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
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The most abundant type of RNA, which together with proteins makes up ribosomes.
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Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
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(1) An atom’s central core, containing protons and neutrons. (2) The chromosome-containing organelle of a eukaryotic cell. (3) A cluster of neurons.
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Nucleus
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The contents of the cell, exclusive of the nucleus and bounded by the plasma membrane.
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Cytoplasm
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An enzyme that links ribonucleotides into a growing RNA chain during transcription.
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RNA Polymerase
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Specific nucleotide sequence in DNA that binds RNA polymerase, positioning it to start transcribing RNA at the appropriate place.
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Promoter
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An initial RNA transcript; also called pre-mRNA when transcribed from a protein-coding gene.
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Primary transcript
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A sequence of 50 to 250 adenine nucleotides added onto the 3’ end of a pre-mRNA molecule.
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Poly-A tail
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A non coding, intervening sequence within a primary transcript that is removed from the transcript during RNA processing; also refers to the region of DNA from which this sequence was transcribed.
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Introns
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A sequence within a primary transcript that remains in the RNA after RNA processing; also refers to the region of DNA from which this sequence was transcribed.
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Exons
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A large complex made up of proteins and RNA molecules that splices RNA by interacting with the ends of an RNA intron, releasing the intron and joining the two adjacent exons.
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Spliceosomes
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An RNA molecule that functions as an enzyme, catalyzing the reactions during RNA splicing.
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Ribozymes
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A nucleotide triplet at one end of a tRNA molecule that recognizes a particular complementary codon on an mRNA molecule.
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Anticodon
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A three-nucleotide sequence of DNA or mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid or termination signal; the basic unit of genetic code.
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Codons
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To start something. Start codon (AUG) initiates translation of mRNA into amino acids.
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Initiation
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To extend something. Polypeptide chain extends as transferred from tRNA.
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Elongation
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Cutting something off. Stops polypeptide formation and releases it from ribosome.
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Termination
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A type of cell with a membrane-enclosed organelles. Organisms with ________ cells (protists, plants, fungi, and animals) are called _________.
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Eukaryotic Cell
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A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Organisms that are usually bacteria and archaea.
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Prokaryotic Cell
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The collection of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles; includes the smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and vacuoles.
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Endomembrane System
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A network of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments that branch throughout the cytoplasm and serve a variety of mechanical, transport, and signaling functions.
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Cytoskeleton
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A structure in the centrosome of an animal cell composed of a cylinder of microtubule triplets arranged in a 9 + 0 pattern.
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Centriole - A centrosome has a pair of centrioles.
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A short cellular appendage containing microtubules. A motile cilium is specialized for locomotion and is formed from a core of nine outer doublet microtubules and two inner single microtubules (the “9 + 2” arrangement) ensheathed in an extension of the plasma membrane. A primary _______ is usually nonmotile and plays a sensory and singnally role; it lacks the two inner microtubules (the “9 + 0” arrangement).
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Cilium (Plural Cilia)
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A long cellular appendage specialized for locomotion. Like motile cilia, eukaryotic _______ have a core with nine outer doublet microtubules and two inner single microtubules ensheathed in an extension of the plasma membrane. Prokaryotic _______ have a different structure.
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Flagellum
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An organelle in eukaryotic cells that serves as the site of the cellular respiration.
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Mitochondrion (Plural, Mitochondria)
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An organelle found in plants and photosynthesis protists that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water.
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Chloroplast
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(1) An atom’s central core, containing protons and neutrons. (2) The chromosome-containing organelle of a eukaryotic cell. (3) A cluster of neurons.
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Nucleus
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A complex of rRNA and protein molecules that functions as a site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm; consists of a large and a small subunit. In eukaryotic cells each subunit is assembled in the nucleolus. (See also nucleolus.)
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Ribosome
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A protective layer external to the plasma membrane in the cells of plants, prokaryotes, fungi, and some protists. Polysaccharides such cellulose (in plants and some protists), chitin (in fungi), and peptidoglycan (in bacteria) are an important structural component in ______ _______.
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Cell Wall
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A microscope that uses an electron beam to scan the surface of a sample to study details of its topography.
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Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
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A microscope that passes an electron beam through very thin sections and is primarily used to study the internal ultra structure of cells.
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Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
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The disruption of a cell and separation of its parts by centrifugation.
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Cell Fractionation
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A globular protein that links into chains, two which twist helically about each other, forming microfilaments (actin filaments) in muscle and other kinds of cells.
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Actin (Filaments)
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A component of the cytoskeleton that includes filaments intermediate in size between microtubules and microfilaments.
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Intermediate Filaments
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A cable composed of actin proteins in the cytoplasm of almost every eukaryotic cell, making up part of the cytoskeleton and acting alone or with myosin to cause cell contraction.
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Microfilament, also known as an actin filament.
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A hallow rod composed of tubulin proteins that make up part of the cytoskeleton in all eukaryotic cells and is found in cilia and flagella.
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Microtubules
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A cellular extension of amoeboid cells used in moving and feeding.
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Pseudopodium (Plural Pseudopodia)
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A circular flow of cytoplasm, involving myosin and actin filaments, that speeds the distribution of materials within cells.
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Cytoplasmic Streaming
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One of many fine, finger-like projections of the epithelial cells in the lumen of the small intestine that increase its surface area.
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Microvillus (Plural Microvilli)
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In cilia and flagella, a large contactile protein extending from one microtubule doublet to the adjacent doublet. ATP Hydrolysis drives changes in _______ shape that lead to bending of the cilia and flagella.
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Dynein
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The semifluid portion of the cytoplasm.
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Cytosol
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A dense region of DNA in a prokaryotic cell.
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Nucleoid
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A short, hairlike appendage of a prokaryotic cell that helps it adhere to the substrate or to other cells; also known as an attachment pilus.
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Fimbria (Plural Fimbriae)
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In bacteria, a structure that links one cell to another at the start of conjugation; also known as a conjugation pilus.
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Sex Pilus (Plural Sex Pili)
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An organelle in eukaryotic cells consisting of stacks of flat membranous sacs that modify, store, and route products, notably noncellulose carbohydrates.
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Golgi Apparatus
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An extensive membranous network in eukaryotic cells, continuous with the outer nuclear membrane and composed of ribosome-studded (rough) and ribosome-free (smooth) regions.
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Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
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A membrane-enclosed sac of hydrolic enzymes found in the cytoplasm of animal cells and some protists. These normally breakdown of ingested substances, cell macromolecules, and damaged organelles for recycling.
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Lysosomes - Recycling plant
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An organelle containing enzymes that transfer hydrogen (H2) from various substrates to oxygen (O2), producing and then degrading hydrogen peroxide (H2O2).
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Peroxisomes
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A membrane-bounded vesicle whose function varies in different kinds of cells.
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Vacuoles
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The complex of DNA and proteins that makes up a eukaryotic chromosome. When the cell is not dividing, this exists in the dispersed form, as a mass of very long, thin fibers that are not visible with a light microscope.
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Chromatin
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A specialized structure in the nucleus, consisting of chromatin regions containing ribosomal RNA genes along with ribosomal proteins imported from the cytoplasmic site of rRNA synthesis and ribosomal subunit assembly. (See also ribosome.)
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Nucleolus (Plural Nucleoli)
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A netlike array of protein filaments lining the inner surface of the nuclear envelope; it helps maintain the shape of the nucleus.
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Nuclear Lamina
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The double membrane in a eukaryotic cell that encloses the nucleus, separating it from the cytoplasm.
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Nuclear Envelope
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A group of several ribosomes attached to, and translating, the same messenger RNA molecule.
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Polyribosomes (polysome)
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Chapter 7 - The cellular secretion of biological molecules by the fusion of vesicles containing them with the plasma membrane.
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Exocytosis
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An infolding of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion that houses electron transport chains and molecules of the enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of ATP (ATP Synthesis).
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Crista (Plural Cristae)
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One of the family closely related organelles that includes chloroplasts, chromoplasts, and amyloplasts (leucoplasts). These are found in cells of photosynthetic organisms.
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Plastid
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In plants, a relatively thin and flexible layer first secreted by a young cell.
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Primary Cell Wall
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In plants, a thin layer of adhesive extracellular material, primarily pectins, found between the primary walls of adjacent young cells.
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Middle Lamella
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An open channel in the cell wall of a plant through which strands of cytosol connect from an adjacent wall.
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Plasmodesma (Plural Plasmodesmata)
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A type of intercellular junction in animal cells that prevents the leakage of material between cells.
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Tight Junctions
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A type of intercellular junction in animal cells that functions as a rivet. Also known as the Anchoring junctions.
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Desmosomes
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A type of intercellular junction in animals that allows the passage of materials between cells.
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Gap Junctions
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Energy released by exergonic (release energy) reaction drives endergonic (require energy) reaction. Breakdown of ATP releases energy used by muscle. ATP-->ADP+(P)
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Coupled Reaction
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In plants, a strong and durable matrix often deposited in several laminated layers for cell protection and support.
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Secondary Cell Wall
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Motors, Bind to microtubules, Move vesicles through cell, Involved in transport.
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Kinesin & Dynein
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Nine doublets of microtubules, the membranes of each sharing part of their walls, are arranged in a ring. In the center of the ring are two single microtubules. Flexible protein “wheels” connect outer doublets to each other & to core, Outer doublets = connected by motor proteins
Basal body (like centriole): anchors cilia & flagella to cell |
9+2 Pattern
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Thick hollow rods = 25 microns diameter
Composed of ______ Move chromosomes during cell division Maintain cell shape Serve as track for organelle movement Grow = add ______ Shrink = remove ______ Each ________ protein dimer consists of two slightly different polypeptides. Alpha and Beta ________. |
Tubulin
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Store pigments for fruits & flowers.
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Chromoplasts
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Store starch in roots & tubers.
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Amyloplasts
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Fluid-filled space that contains DNA, ribosomes & enzymes
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Matrix
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Provides support, adhesion, movement & regulation. Made of glycoproteins, collagen, proteoglycans.
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Extracellular matrix (ECM)
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Releases vesicles that travel to other sites in cell.
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Trans Side (shipping of the Golgi Appartus)
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Receives material by fusing with vesicles. Rear part of this.
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Cis Side (receiving of the Golgi Appartus)
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Permit passage into & out of the nucleus.
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Nuclear Pores
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Jellylike outer coating of many prokaryotes.
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Cell Caspule
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All organisms are composed of cells. Cells = structural & functional unit of all organisms, all cells come from pre-existing cells.
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Cell Theory
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A selective barrier that regulates flow of oxygen, nutrients & wastes into and out of ALL cells.
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Cell Membrane
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Increase size of image.
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Magnification
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Improve sharpness of image (show details).
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Resolution
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Unit of measurement is a unit of length in the metric system, equal to one billionth of a meter.
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Nanometer
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Thymine (T), Adenine (A), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G).
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Nitrogenous Base
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Permanent change in base sequences caused by Errors in DNA replication, DNA damage, Examples of this are insertion, deletion, substitution.
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Mutations
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Rich in phosphorous & lacked sulfur.
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Nuclein
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Smooth & shiny capsule, virulent.
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S (bacteria) strain
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Rough, no capsule, not virulent.
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R (bacteria) strain
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What are the capsid of a Bacteriophages made of?
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Protein coat
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'Legs' of a Bacteriophages
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Tail Fibers
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Purine nitrogenous base that only pairs with Thymine.
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Adenine (A)
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Purine nitrogenous base that only pairs with Cytosine.
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Guanine (G)
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Pyrimidine nitrogenous base that only pairs with Adenine.
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Thymine (T)
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Pyrimidine nitrogenous base that only pairs with Guanine.
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Cytosine (C)
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The amount of A, T, G, & C in DNA varies between species.
Within a species: # of A = # of T # of C = # of G |
Chargaff's Rule
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