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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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genome
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all genetic matieral of an organism
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chromosome
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discrete unit of genetic material (DNA)
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gene
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a length of DNA that encodes a specific protein
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central dogma
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DNA --> RNA --> Protein
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allele
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form of a gene, DNA sequence that encodes a trait
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genotype
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genetic makeup
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phenotype
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physical expression of genetic makeup
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population
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a group of individuals of one species that lives in a specific geographic location and interbreeds with each other
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gene pool
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all copies of all alleles of all the genes at every loci in every individual of a population
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polymorphic
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displaying two or more traits for a particular locus
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monomorphic
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displaying only one trait at a particular locus
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population genetics
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p+q=1
p=(2NAA+NAa)/2N |
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hardy weinberg equilibrium assumptions
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random mating, infinite population size, no mutations, no natural selection, no gene flow
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hardy weinberg equilibrium equation
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p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1
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assortative mating
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like kinds mate
ex: inbreeding and selfing, study on humans choosing spouses like themselves |
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disassortative mating
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unlike kinds mate
ex: flowers w/ different structures, in one morph the stamens protrude and in the other morph the pistil protrudes. |
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mutation
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random insertion of deletion or change of base pairs on DNA, most are neutral or harmful, long term effects are larger than short term
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genetic drift
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random changes in allele frequencies, alleles may become fixed
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bottleneck effect
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drastic change in population size due to natural disaster, over hunting, etc
ex: prairie chicken, low genetic diversity |
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founder effect
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small group breaks from population and starts new, isolated population
ex: invasive species |
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gene flow
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movement of adults or gametes between populations
ex: Silene uniflora, each patch is one population and seeds can travel between close patches |
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natural selection
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differential contributin of offspring to next generation
1-variation in heritable traits 2-organisms reproduce until limited by resources 3-survival and reproduction is not random |
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Darwinian Fitness
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the contribution of one individual to the next generation
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Relative Fitness
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the contribution of one genotype to the next generation compared to other genotypes
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directional selection
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toward one extreme
ex: large billed finches selected for because of drought and abundance of large, hard seeds |
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stabilizing selection
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toward the median
ex: gall size, larger attacked by birds, smaller attacked by insects |
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disruptive selection
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away from median, toward both extremes
ex: black billed see crackers-small billed for small seeds or large billed for large seeds, no intermediate sizes |
