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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the nine characteristics that define life? |
1. Order 2. Sensitivity or response to the environment 3. Reproduction 4. Adaptation 5. Growth and development 6. Regulation 7. Homeostasis 8. Energy processing 9. Evolution |
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What is inductive and deductive reasoning? |
Inductive takes a number of observations and produces a conclusion; deductive forms a general premise and verifies it through observation |
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What are the eight levels of organization in a multicellular organism? |
Atoms, molecules, cell organelles and inclusions, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and the organism itself |
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What are the two types of cells? |
Prokaryotic (no membrane around nucleus) and eukaryotic (membrane around nucleus and organelles) |
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What are the organizational levels of multiple organisms? |
Organism, Population, Community, Ecosystem, Biosphere |
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What four elements are common to all life on Earth? |
Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen |
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What are the four or five types of chemical bonds in order from weakest to strongest? |
Van Der Waals, Hydrogen, Ionic, Covalent (polar/nonpolar) |
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What is a hydrogen bond? |
The attraction between opposite ends of polar-covalent-bonded molecules |
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What are Van Der Waals interactions? |
The result of uneven distribution of the electrons around the nucleus producing a slight imbalance in charge; two atoms or molecules experiencing such a distribution, if they're close enough together, will be attracted for a brief moment (that attraction is the Van Der Waals interaction) |
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What are isomers? |
Molecules having the same number and type of Atoms but arranged in different configurations |
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What are nucleotides and nucleosides? |
A nucleoside consists of a nitrogenous base connected to a sugar molecule (a five-carbon sugar to be precise). A nucleotide is the same but with one to three phosphates connected on the other side if the nitrogenous base. |
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What are the four nitrogenous bases in DNA? |
adenine(A), guanine(G), cytosine(C), thymine(T) |
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What are the four nitrogenous bases in RNA? |
adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), uracil (T) |
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What sugar is present in the nucleotides of DNA and RNA? |
Deoxyribose in DNA and Ribose (one more oxygen) in RNA |
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What forms the backbone of DNA? |
The binding of the phosphate of one nucleotide to the sugar on the next... This creates a sugar-phosphate backbone. |
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Which nitrogenous bases bind with each other? |
G binds with C (three hydrogen bonds) and A binds with T (two hydrogen bonds). |
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What is hydrolysis and what is its opposite? |
Hydrolysis is the process of using a water molecule to break-apart two monomers. The opposite is dehydration synthesis whereby a water molecule is released as two monomers come together. |
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What are the primary biological macromolecules? |
Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids |
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What is a carbohydrate? |
A molecule with a formula of (CH2O)n where n is the number of carbons in the molecule. |
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What are the subtypes of carbohydrates? What defines each? |
Mono-, Di-, and Poly- saccharides Monosacchardides have between 3 and 7 carbons. Disacchardides form by the dehydration reaction between two monosacchardides. Polysacchardides are long chains of monosacchardides. |
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What is the chemical formula for glucose? Describe the structure of a glucose molecule. |
C6H12O6. Glucose can occur in either a ring (most common in aqueous solution) or a chain with a carbon backbone. |
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What are the main functional groups and what are their chemical formulas and basic properties? |
Hydroxyl (OH - polar), Methyl (CH3 - nonpolar), Carbonyl (OC - polar), Carboxyl (OCOH - releases H+), Amino (NH2 - accepts H+), Phosphate [PO2(OH)2 - releases H+], and Sulfhydryl (SH - polar) |
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What is a lipid and what are the types of lipids? |
Generally nonpolar hydrocarbons including fats, oils, waxes, phospholipids, and steroids |
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What is a fat or oil? |
A lipid with two main components: glycerol and fatty acids |
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What is a phospholipid? |
A fat with one of the three fatty acid tails removed and replaced by a phosphate group. |
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What are the four structural levels of proteins? |
Amino acid chain, helix or pleated sheet, 3D, and multiple amino acid chains |
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Which DNA/RNA nucleotides are purines and pyrimidines? |
Cytosine, Uracil, and Thymine are Pyrimidines (one ring) and Guanine and Adenine are Purines (two rings) |
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What type of bond occurs in a nucleic acid? |
Phosphodiester bonds |
