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18 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Signaling Cell
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the cell starts communication and releases signaling molecules |
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Signaling Molecule
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the molecules to communicate that the signaling cell sends out |
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Receptors Molecule
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responding cell has to have the right receptors or they don't receive the message |
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Responding Cell |
the cell that receives the message and responds |
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Describe the steps in receiving a signal |
Receptor activation-a molecule on the cell surface (cell-surface or membrane receptor) or within a cell, usually in its nucleus (nuclear receptor) that recognizes and binds with specific molecules, producing some effect in the cell
Signal transduction- the idea that inside the cell once you receive that message there are some steps that go through. It will communicate to another messenger and another messenger and it could go on. Response- What the cell does to reply to the signaling cell Termination- the ending of the whole message |
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Endocrine
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endo means inside and these go through the bloodstream. When the signaling cell is far away from the receiving cell.
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Paracrine
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close by cells (next to each other)
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Autocrine
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send out a chemical that is received by the same cell
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Juxtacrine
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you have to have physical contact with the other cell (the signaling molecule is actually on the membrane of the signalling cell that matches up with the receptor.
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Ligand
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signaling molecule |
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Ligand-binding Site
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location on the receptor to which the ligand binds |
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Where do polar and non-polar molecules bind to their receptors? |
Ligand, Ligand-binding Site, Polar molecules (signaling molecule) cannot get through the membrane. The receptors are in the membrane and point towards the outside. |
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How is G protein-coupled receptor activated?
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a specific type of receptor. when the g protein is bound to its ligand the receptor is bound to the g protein which is labeled GTP (guanine nucleotides) The inactive has lost an enzyme and is GDP.
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How is Receptor Kinase activated?
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have two ligands (two receptors come together) phosphate groups become bound to those receptors (active). When the phosphates are not bound that is the inactive state.
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How is Ligand-gated Ion Channels activated?
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active when the ligand binds and the channel opens; inactive stage is when the channel is closed.
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What happens next to G protein-coupled receptors?
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the g protein is made up of an alpha, beta subunits and once gdp comes in this alpha subunit breaks off and sends the message over to another protein (target protein) then you see the second messengers. The adrenaline is received and then goes to andenty cyclase then they go and activate ISA and then your final results is increase the heart rate. Know that there is a activating molecule chain.
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What happens next to Receptor Kinases?
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after activation the phosphates can interact with signaling proteins. Now they can interact with signaling proteins and that is going to activate another signaling protein (figure 9.14) activates RAS which goes through multiple steps and amplification but the end result is to activate transcription.
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What happens next to Ligand-gated ion channels?
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Ligand binds to the receptor and it opens up. After it opens up molecules will move into the cell. Ions will flow directly into the cell. After the ions have moved into the cell the cell becomes electrically stimulated. These are the nerve cells.
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