Bio Test 1

Front 1

Human Anatomy

Back 1

Study of structural basis of body functions

Front 2

Human physiology

Back 2

Complementary study if the functional relevance of human structure

Front 3

Gross Anatony

Back 3

Structure visible to naked eye, either by surface observation or dissection.

Front 4

Histology

Back 4

Microscopic anatomy

Front 5

Histopathology

Back 5

Microscopic examination of tissues for signs of disease.

Front 6

Surface anatomy

Back 6

External structure of body

Front 7

Systematic Anatomy

Back 7

Study of one organ at a time.

Front 8

Regional Anatomy

Back 8

Study of multiple organ systems at the same time in a given region of the body.

Front 9

Functional morphology

Back 9

Not just the structure if organs, but the functional reasons behind the structure.

Front 10

Comparative anatomy

Back 10

The study of more than one species in order to learn generalizations, evolutionary Trends, and structure-function relationships

Front 11

Inspection

Back 11

Simplest method of examining the body

Front 12

Dissection

Back 12

The careful cutting and separation of tissues to reveal their relationships

Front 13

Cadaver

Back 13

Dissection of a dead human body

Front 14

Palpation

Back 14

Is feeling structures with the fingertips such as palpating a swollen lymph node or taking a pulse

Front 15

Auscultation

Back 15

Is listening to the Natural sounds made by the body such as heart and lung sounds

Front 16

Percussion

Back 16

Is tapping on the body and listening to the sounds for signs of abnormalities such as pockets of fluid or air

Front 17

Medical imaging

Back 17

Includes methods of viewing the inside of a body without surgery, the branch of Medicine concerned with imaging is called radiology.

Front 18

Radiology

Back 18

Branch of medicine concerned with imaging

Front 19

Exploratory surgery

Back 19

Common to diagnose disorders by opening the body and taking a look inside to see what was wrong and what could be done about it

Front 20

Radiography

Back 20

Is the process of Photography internal structures with x-rays a form of high-energy radiation

Front 21

Computed tomography

Back 21

Is that more sophisticated application of x-rays CT scans and is a image of a slice of a body about as thin as a coin

Front 22

Magnetic resonance imaging MRI

Back 22

Is even better than CT for visualizing soft tissues an electromagnet that creates a very strong magnetic field analyzes the signal to produce an image of the body Can See Clearly through the skull and vertebral column to produce images of the nervous tissue Within

Front 23

Positron emission tomography PET

Back 23

Is used to access the metallic state of a tissue and to distinguish which tissues are most active uses an injection of Rd radioactively labeled glucose to highlight which tissues are most active consuming energy at the moment of the scan

Front 24

Sonography

Back 24

Uses a handheld device placed firmly against the skin it emits high frequency ultrasound and receive signals reflected back from internal organs

Front 25

Comparative physiology

Back 25

The study of how different species have solved problems of life such as water balance respiration and production

Front 26

Organisation

Back 26

Living things exhibit a far higher level of organization than the nonliving world around them

Front 27

Cells

Back 27

Living matter is always compartmentalize into one or more cells

Front 28

Metabolism

Back 28

Living things take in molecules from the environment and chemically change them into molecules that form their own structures control their physiology or provide energy metabolism is the sum of all of this internal chemical change

Front 29

Growth

Back 29

Some non living things grow but not in the way your body does when a saturated sugar solution evaporates crystals grow from it but not through a change in the composition of the sugar. They merely add more sugar molecules from the solution to the crystal surface.

Front 30

Development

Back 30

Is any change in form or function over the lifetime of the organism

Front 31

Excitability

Back 31

The ability of organisms to sense and react to stimuli, changes in environment, is called excitability or irritability.

Front 32

Homeostasis

Back 32

Organism maintains a relatively stable internal condition for example Kama a stable temperature, blood pressure, and by the way.

Front 33

Reproduction

Back 33

All living organisms can produce copies of themselves, just passing their genes on two new, younger containers their offspring.

Front 34

Evolution

Back 34

All living species exhibit genetic change from generation to generation, and therefore evolve.

Front 35

Negative feedback

Back 35

A process in which the body senses and change and activates mechanisms that reverse it.

Front 36

Vasodilation

Back 36

The widening of blood vessels

Front 37

Receptor

Back 37

Is the structure that senses a change in the body, such as the temperature receptors in the skin.

Front 38

Integrating control center

Back 38

Is the mechanism that processes this information Kama relates it to other available information, such as its sense of what this point should be, and make a decision as to an appropriate response.

Front 39

Effectors

Back 39

structures that carry out the response that restores homeostasis.

Front 40

Positive feedback

Back 40

Is a self amplifying cycle in which a physiological change leads to even greater change in the same direction, rather than producing the self-corrective effects of negative feedback.

Front 41

Organism

Back 41

Is a single, complete individual. Is composed of organ systems.

Front 42

Organ system

Back 42

Is a group of organs that carry out a basic function of the organism such as circulation, expiration, or digestion. Are composed of organs.

Front 43

Organ

Back 43

Is a structure composed of two or more tissue types that work together to carry out a particular function. Are composed of tissues.

Front 44

Tissue

Back 44

Is a mass of similar cells and cell products that form a discrete region of an organ and perform a specific function.

Front 45

Cells

Back 45

Are the smallest units of an organism that carry out all the basic functions of life semicolon nothing simpler than a cell is considered alive.

Front 46

Organelles

Back 46

Are microscopic structures that carry out a cell's individual function examples include nuclei, mitochondria , centrioles , and lysosomes.

Front 47

Molecules

Back 47

Organelles and other cellular components are composed of molecules.

Front 48

Macromolecules

Back 48

The largest molecules such as proteins, fat, Indian a comma are called macromolecules.

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Molecule

Back 49

Is a particle composed of at least two atoms.

Front 50

Anatomical position

Back 50

Thought of a person standing upright with the feet flat on the floor, arms of the side, and the palms and face directed toward the Observer.

Front 51

Prone

Back 51

Slime face down

Front 52

Suppine

Back 52

Lying face up

Front 53

Sagittal plane

Back 53

Extends vertically and divides the body or an organ into right and left portions.

Front 54

Median plane, midsagittal

Back 54

Passes through the midline of the body is divided into equal right and left halves.

Front 55

Frontal plane (coronal)

Back 55

Extends vertically, but it is perpendicular to the sagittal plane divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions.

Front 56

Transverse plane (horizontal)

Back 56

Passes across the body or in Oregon perpendicular to its long axis semicolon therefore Kama it divides the body or organ into Superior (upper) and inferior ( lower) portions.

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Axial region

Back 57

Forms the central axis of the body that is everything but the limbs it consists of the head, neck cervical region, and trunk the trunk is further divided into the thoracic region above the diaphragm and the abdominal and pelvic region below it.

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Lateral regions of the Grid on each side from upper to lower

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Are the hypochondriac, Lumbar, Inguinal iliac region .

Front 59

3 median regions from upper to lower

Back 59

Epigastric, biblical, and hypogastric pubic region.

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Appendicular region

Back 60

The body consists of Upper and Lower limbs also called appendages or extremities

Front 61

Upper arm

Back 61

Includes the arm (brachium) forearm (antebrachium), wrist (carpus), hand (manus), and fingers (digits).

Front 62

Lower limb

Back 62

Thigh (femoral region), leg (crus), ankle (tarsus), foot (PES), and toes (digits).

Front 63

Segment

Back 63

If a limb is a region between one joint and the next

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Viscera

Back 64

The axial region of the body contains few major cavities containing the "internal organs". Or viscera.

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Serous membrane

Back 65

Secrete a lubricating film of moisture similar to blood serum.

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Mucous membrane

Back 66

Line the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts.

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Cranial cavity

Back 67

Is enclosed by the skull and contains the brain

Front 68

Vertebrae canal

Back 68

Continuous with the cranial cavity, is a space about as wide as your finger that passes down the vertebral column spine.

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Menings

Back 69

Three membranes that line the vertebral column and Canal

Front 70

Mediastinum

Back 70

Divides the thoracic cavity into left and right and medium portions, is occupied by the esophagus and trachea, a gland called thymus, and the heart and major blood vessels connected to it.

Front 71

Pericardium

Back 71

A two-layered serous membrane that goes around the heart

Front 72

Pleura

Back 72

Two layered serous membrane that surrounds the right and left sides of the thoratic cavity that contains the lungs.

Front 73

Adominopelvic cavity

Back 73

Can be subdivided into the abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity. They are separated by the diaphragm.

Front 74

Peritoneum

Back 74

Is a two-layered serous membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity

Front 75

Parietal peritoneum

Back 75

The outer layer lining the abdominal wall

Front 76

Visceral peritoneum

Back 76

Suspending certain abdominal viscera from the body while I'm covering their outer surfaces the inside lining of the abdominal wall

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Mesentery

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At points where it forms a membranous curtain suspending in Ingram the viscera, and a serosa at points where it involves and covers the outer surfaces of organs such as the stomach and small intestine.

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Peritoneal cavity

Back 78

The space between the parietal and visceral peritoneum

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Retroperitoneal

Back 79

Only one side of organ lie against the posterior wall and are covered by peritoneum only in the side facing the peritoneal cavity.

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Intrapersonal

Back 80

Organs that are encircled by a peritoneum and suspended from the posterior wall by the mesentery, such as the loops of small intestines

Front 81

Integumentary ststem

Back 81

Principal organs:Skin, nails, hair, cutaneous glands principal functions: protection, water retention, thermoregulation, vitamin D synthesis, cutaneous sensation, nonverbal communication

Front 82

Skeletal System

Back 82

Principal Organs: bones, cartilages, ligaments Principal Functions: support, movement, protective enclosure of viscera, blood formation, mineral storage, electrolyte and acid-base balance.

Front 83

Muscular system

Back 83

Principal organs: skeletal muscles principal functions: movement, stability, communication, control of body openings, heat production

Front 84

Lymphatic System

Back 84

Principal organs: lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, thymus, spleen, tonsils. Principal Functions: recovery of excess tissue fluid, detection of pathogens, production immune cells, defense against disease.

Front 85

Respiratory System

Back 85

Principal organs: nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs principal functions: absorption of oxygen, discharge of carbon dioxide, acid-base balance, speech.

Front 86

Urinary System

Back 86

Principal Organs: kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra principal functions: elimination of waste, regulation of blood volume and pressure, stimulation of red blood cell formation, control of fluid, electrolyte and acid-base balance, detoxification

Front 87

Nervous System

Back 87

Principal organs: brain, spinal cord, nerves, ganglia principal functions: rapid internal communication, coordination, motor control and sensation.

Front 88

Endocrine system

Back 88

Principal organs: pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, thymus, adrenal glands, pancreas, testes, ovaries. Principal Functions: hormone production, internal chemical communication and coordination.

Front 89

Circulatory System

Back 89

Principal organs: heart, blood vessels Principal Functions: distribution if nutrients, oxygen, waste, hormones, electrolytes, heat,immune cells and antibodies; and acid-base balance.

Front 90

Digestive System

Back 90

Principal Organs: teeth, tongue, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, liver, gallbladder, pancreas Principal Functions: Nutrient Breakdown and absorption, liver functions include metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, and minerals; synthesis of plasma proteins; disposal if drugs, racing, and hormones;and cleaning of blood.

Front 91

Male reproductive System 1/2

Back 91

Principal organ: testes, epididymitis,spermatic ducts, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands, penis principal functions: production and delivery of sperm; secretion if sex hormones

Front 92

Female reproductive system 1/2

Back 92

Principal Organs: ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands. Principal functions: production of eggs;site of fertilization and fetal developments; fetal nourishment; birth; lactation; secretion of sex hormones.

Front 93

Ventral

Back 93

Toward the front or belly

Front 94

Dorsal

Back 94

Towards the back or spine

Front 95

Anterior

Back 95

Toward the ventral side or front

Front 96

Posterior

Back 96

Toward the dorsal side or back

Front 97

Superior

Back 97

Above

Front 98

Inferior

Back 98

Below

Front 99

Medial

Back 99

Toward the midsagittal plane

Front 100

Lateral

Back 100

Away from the midsagittal plane

Front 101

Proximal

Back 101

Closer to the point of attachment or origin

Front 102

Distal

Back 102

Farther from the point of attachment or origin

Front 103

Superficial

Back 103

Closer to the body surface

Front 104

Deep

Back 104

Farther from the body surface

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Chemical element

Back 105

Is the simplest form of matter to have unique chemical properties

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Trace

Back 106

The remaining 12 total only .7% of body weight over body elements

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Minerals

Back 107

Inorganic elements that are extracted from the soil by plants and passed up the food chain to humans and other organisms

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Atom

Back 108

The basic unit of a chemical element

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Nucleus

Back 109

The center of an atom composed of positively charged protons and uncharged neutrons

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Electron

Back 110

Tiny particles with a single negative charge and very little Mass also orbits the nucleus

Front 111

Isotope

Back 111

All elements have two or more variations call data house which differ from each other only in numbers of neutrons

Front 112

Radioactivity

Back 112

Many Isotopes are unstable and Decay breakdown to more stable isotopes by giving off radiation this is the process of decay

Front 113

Radioisotopes

Back 113

Process of Decay is called radioactivity and Unstoppable Isotopes are there for called radioisotopes every element has at least one radioisotope

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Ionizing radiation

Back 114

Radiation consisting of particles, x-rays, or gamma rays with sufficient energy to cause ionization in the medium through which it passes.

Front 115

Ions

Back 115

Are charged particles than equal numbers of protons and electrons

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Anion

Back 116

The particle that gains electrons acquires a surplus negative charge

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Cation

Back 117

The one that loses electrons is left with an excess positive charge

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Electrolytes

Back 118

Are salts that ionize in water and form Solutions capable of conducting electricity.

Front 119

Free radicals

Back 119

Are chemical particles with an odd number of electrons.

Front 120

Antioxidants

Back 120

Are chemicals that neutralize free radicals, including selenium, vitamin D, vitamin C, and carotenoids.

Front 121

Molecules

Back 121

Are chemical particles composed of two or more atoms United by a convenient chemical bond the sharing of electrons.

Front 122

Isomers

Back 122

Molecules with identical formula but different Arrangements of their atoms

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Compounds

Back 123

Molecules composed of two or more different elements

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Chemical bonds

Back 124

A molecule is held together in molecules are attracted to each other, by forces called chemical bonds.

Front 125

Ionic bond

Back 125

Is the attraction of a cation to an anion.

Front 126

Covalent bonds

Back 126

Formed by the sharing of electrons

Front 127

Non-polar covalent bond

Back 127

Shared electrons spend approximately equal time around each nucleus

Front 128

Polar covalent bond

Back 128

Spend significantly more time orbiting one nucleus then they do the other, they lend their negative charge to the region where they spend the most time.

Front 129

Hydrogen bond

Back 129

A weak attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom in one molecule and a slightly negative oxygen or nitrogen in another

Front 130

Solvent

Back 130

Able to dissolve and other substances

Front 131

Hydrophilic

Back 131

Substances that dissolve in water such as sugars and salts

Front 132

Hydrophobic

Back 132

Substances that do not dissolve in water relatively few that do not such as fats are hydrophobic

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Adhesion

Back 133

The tendency to clean two surfaces such as tissue membrane

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Cohesion

Back 134

An attraction of its molecules to each other

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Cohesion

Back 135

Resistance to temperature changes

Front 136

Calorie

Back 136

Set a nerdy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram and the energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 kilogram equal to 1000 small calories and often used to measure the energy value of foods

Front 137

Kilocalorie

Back 137

1000 calories

Front 138

Chemical reactivity

Back 138

Is the tendency of a substance to undergo chemical changes in a system

Front 139

Mixture

Back 139

Consists of substances that are physically Blended but are not chemically combined each substance retains its own chemical property

Front 140

Solution

Back 140

Is transparent because it's dissolved particles are very small and do not scatter light significantly , are under one millimeter.

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Colloid

Back 141

Is a mixture of larger particles in water colloids are usually cloudy because particles this letter large scatter light comma usually one to 100 nanometers.

Front 142

Suspension

Back 142

Is a mixture with particles larger than 100 Ana meters such particles not only render a suspension cloudy or opaque, but also settle out of the mixture by gravity if the mixture is not consistently agitated.

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Emulsion

Back 143

Is a suspension of one liquid and another, such as fat and breast milk, and medications such as kaopectate and milk of magnesium

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Concentration

Back 144

How much solute is present in a given volume or solvent

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Acid

Back 145

Is any proton donor molecule that releases a proton and water

Front 146

Base

Back 146

Is a proton acceptor

Front 147

pH

Back 147

The measure deprived from the concentration of H

Front 148

Acidic

Back 148

Solutions with ph below 7

Front 149

Basic alkaline

Back 149

Solutions with ph above 7

Front 150

Neutral

Back 150

A solution with a pH of 7

Front 151

Buffers

Back 151

Chemical solutions that resist change in pH

Front 152

Organic chemistry

Back 152

Is the study of compounds of carbon, and biochemistry is the field that relates these compounds to the processes of life

Front 153

Macromolecule

Back 153

A molecule containing a very large number of items, such as proteins, and nucleic acid common are synthetic polymers.

Front 154

Polymers

Back 154

Molecules made of repetitive series of identical or similar subunits called monomers

Front 155

Monomer

Back 155

A molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer

Front 156

Dehydration synthesis (condensation)

Back 156

A process that living cells use to join monomers together to form polymers. They remove a hydrogen from one monomer and a hydroxyl group from another comma producing water as a byproduct. The two monomers become joined by a covalent bond

Front 157

Hydrolysis

Back 157

A water molecule ionizes into OH and H. the cell breaks a convalent bond Linking one monomer to another and adds the H to one monomer and the OH to the other one.

Front 158

Carbohydrates

Back 158

Includes sugars, starch and glycogen. Are hydrophilic.

Front 159

Monosaccharides

Back 159

Simplest carbohydrate are simple sugars. 3 primary importance are glucose. Fructose. And galactose. They are isomers of each other.

Front 160

Disaccharides

Back 160

Are sugars composed of two monosaccharides bonded to each other the most important ones are sucrose, like toast, and maltose.

Front 161

polysaccharides

Back 161

Are polymers of glucose the most important of these are glycogen, starch, and cellulose.

Front 162

Glycogen

Back 162

Is an energy storage polysaccharide made by the liver, muscles, uterus, and a few other organs.

Front 163

Starch

Back 163

Is the corresponding energy storage polysaccharide of plants

Front 164

Cellulose

Back 164

Is a structural polysaccharide of plants, and is the most abundant organic compound on Earth.

Front 165

Lipids

Back 165

Includes triglycerides (fats & oils), phospholipids, steroids (such as cholesterol, estrogen, and testosterone), and others.

Front 166

Triglycerides

Back 166

Are commonly called Fast if they are solid at room temperature and oils if they are liquid.

Front 167

Saturated fatty acid

Back 167

Has as much hydrogen as it can carry, such as palmitic and stearic acid

Front 168

Unsaturated fatty acid

Back 168

Is the fat or fatty acid in which there is at least one double bond within the fatty acid chain. A fatty acid chain is monounsaturated if it contains one double bond, and polyunsaturated if it contains more than one double bond.

Front 169

Polyunsaturated fatty acids

Back 169

Are fatty acids that contain more than one double bond in their backbone. This class includes many important compounds, such as essential fatty acids and those that give dry oil as they are characteristic property.

Front 170

Phospholipids

Back 170

Are similar to triglycerides except that in place of one fatty acid, they have a phosphate group that, intern, it's linked to another organic group.

Front 171

Amphipathic

Back 171

Having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts

Front 172

Steroids

Back 172

Are lipids with 17 of their carbon atoms arranged in four rings.

Front 173

Cholesterol

Back 173

Is the parent steroid from which the others are synthesized.

Front 174

Protein

Back 174

Is a polymer of amino acids

Front 175

Amino acid

Back 175

Is a small organic molecule with a central carbon, and amino group, and a carboxyl group.

Front 176

Peptide

Back 176

A compound consisting of two or more amino acids linked in a chain, the carboxyl group of each acid being joined to the amino group of the next buy a bond of the type OC-NH

Front 177

Peptide bond

Back 177

The bond of one amino acid to the next

Front 178

Polypeptides

Back 178

James larger than 10 or 15 amino acids

Front 179

Dipeptide

Back 179

Chain of two amino acids

Front 180

Tripeptide

Back 180

For a chain of 3 amino acids

Front 181

Denaturation

Back 181

Is a more drastic confirmation change, with the loss of function, and response to conditions such as extreme heat or pH.

Front 182

Enzymes

Back 182

Are proteins that function as biological catalyst ,

Front 183

Catalyst

Back 183

Is any chemical that enables a chemical reaction to go faster or at a lower temperature, but that is not consumed by that reaction.

Front 184

Substrate

Back 184

The material or substance on which an enzyme Acts.

Front 185

Nucleic acids

Back 185

Current organic polymers that serve as a cell's genetic machinery

Front 186

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Back 186

Which resides in the nucleus it contains the individuals genes and a few forms of ribonucleic acid (RNA), which may carry out the orders given by the DNA.

Front 187

Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

Back 187

The nucleic acid that is used in key metabolites processes for all steps of protein synthesis in all living cells and carries the genetic information of any viruses. Unlike double-stranded DNA comma RNA consists of a single strand of nucleotides, and it occurs and a variety of length and shapes.

Front 188

Nucleotide

Back 188

Consist of a monosaccharide, a phosphate group group, a nitrogenous base, which is a single or double ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms.

Front 189

Nitrogenous base

Back 189

Is a single or double ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms.

Front 190

Cytosine

Back 190

A compound in living tissues that constitute bases of nucleic acids. It is paired with guanine and double-stranded DNA.

Front 191

Thymine

Back 191

A compound that is one of the four constitute bases of nucleic acids. A pyrimidine derivative,, it is paired with adenine in a double-stranded DNA

Front 192

Uracil

Back 192

A compound found in living tissue as a constituent base of RNA. In DNA it's place is taken by thymine.

Front 193

Adenine

Back 193

A compound that is one of the four constituent bases of nucleic acids. A purine derivative, it is paired with thymine in double-stranded DNA.

Front 194

Quanine

Back 194

A compound that occurs in Qiana and fish scales. And is one of the four constituents bases of nucleic acids. A purine derivative, it is paired with cytosine in double-stranded DNA.

Front 195

Base pair

Back 195

A pair of complementary bases in a double-stranded nucleic acid molecule

Front 196

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Back 196

Is the nucleotide built from the nitrogenous base adenine, the sugar ribose comma in three phosphate groups.

Front 197

Metabolism

Back 197

The essence of life is chemical reactions and energy transfers

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Energy

Back 198

Is the capacity to do work

Front 199

Potential energy

Back 199

Is stored energy, energy that is not doing work at the moment but has the potential to be released into work.

Front 200

Kinetic energy

Back 200

Is the energy of motion or change

Front 201

Chemical reaction

Back 201

Is a process in which a covalent bond or ionic bond is formed or broken

Front 202

Decomposition reactions

Back 202

A large molecule breaks down into two or more smaller ones

Front 203

Synthesis reactions

Back 203

Two or more small molecules combine to form a larger one

Front 204

Reversible reactions

Back 204

Can go in either direction under different circumstances and I are represented with paired or double headed arrows they can lose molecules and gain molecules

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Equilibrium

Back 205

The absence of upsetting influences, reversible reactions exist in a state of equilibrium

Front 206

Catabolism

Back 206

Consists of energy releasing decomposition reactions

Front 207

Anabolism

Back 207

Consist of energy storing synthesis reactions, such as the production of protein or fat.

Front 208

Oxidation

Back 208

Is any chemical reaction in which a molecule gives up electrons and releases energy.

Front 209

Oxidizing agent

Back 209

The electron acceptor from oxidation

Front 210

Reduction

Back 210

Is a chemical reaction in which a molecule gains electrons and energy.

Front 211

Reducing agent

Back 211

A molecule that donates electrons to another AKA electron donor

Front 212

Cytology

Back 212

The study of cellular structure and function

Front 213

Plasma membrane (cell membrane)

Back 213

Forms of cell surface boundary

Front 214

Cytoplasm

Back 214

Material between the plasma membrane and the nucleus

Front 215

Cytosol

Back 215

A clear gel

Front 216

Intracellular fluid ICF

Back 216

Cytosol

Front 217

Extracellular fluid ECF

Back 217

All body fluids not contained in the cells.

Front 218

Tissue fluid

Back 218

ECG between cells

Front 219

Phospholipids

Back 219

A lipid containing phosphate groups in its molecule

Front 220

Glycolipids

Back 220

Are lipids with a carbohydrate attached by a glycosidic bond

Front 221

Integral proteins

Back 221

Proteins that penetrate into the membrane often all the way through to the other side

Front 222

Glycoprotein

Back 222

Any of a class of proteins that have carbohydrate groups attached to the polypeptide chain also called glycopeptide

Front 223

Peripheral protiens

Back 223

Are those that do not protrude into the phospholipid but adhere to either face of the membrane, usually the intracellular face.

Front 224

Receptors

Back 224

Receptor proteins receive and bind chemical signals from other cells, such as hormones, New neurotransmitters, and growth factors

Front 225

Enzymes

Back 225

Enzymes carry out chemical reactions at the membrane surface, such as degrading signal molecules after the message is received and breaking dietary nutrients down into forms that the intestines can absorb.

Front 226

Channel proteins

Back 226

Channel proteins have tunnels through them that allow water and hydrophilic solutes to enter a cell

Front 227

gate

Back 227

Can open or closed and thus allow material to enter or leave the Cell at specific times

Front 228

Carriers

Back 228

Carriers actively find a substance on one side of the membrane and release it on the other side.

Front 229

Cell identity markers

Back 229

Glycoproteins and glycolipids are a cell's identification tags comma genetically unique to an individual or two identical twins.

Front 230

Cell adhesion molecules cams

Back 230

Cams are membrane proteins that link cells to each other and to extracellular material , they bind a tissue together like a coupling between two railroad cars.

Front 231

Glycocalyx

Back 231

All cells are covered with a posi carbonhydrate coat

Front 232

Microvilli

Back 232

Are extensions of the plasma membrane that serve primarily to increase its surface area

Front 233

Brush border

Back 233

Microvilli can be very dense and appear as a surface fringe.

Front 234

Cilla

Back 234

Are hairlike processes about 7 to 10 um long

Front 235

Flagellum

Back 235

Resembles a long solitary cilium

Front 236

Axoneme

Back 236

Cilia exhibit a distinctive central core

Front 237

Basal body

Back 237

Anchors the cilium

Front 238

Cell junctions

Back 238

Links cells together and attach them to the extracellular material

Front 239

Tight junction

Back 239

Completely encircles an epithelial cell near its upper end in Joins it tightly to an adjacent cells comma so much like the plastic harness on a six-pack of soda cans.

Front 240

Desmosome

Back 240

Is a protein patch that holds cells together at a specific point

Front 241

Gap Junction

Back 241

Is formed by everything of six proteins arranged somewhat like the segment of an orange, surrounding a water filled channel.

Front 242

Selectively permeable

Back 242

It allows some substances through but holds back others, especially those too large to pass through its protein channels

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Simple diffusion

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Is the net movement of particles from a place of high concentration to a place of low concentration in other words , down a concentration gradient.

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Osmosis

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The net movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane from the side where there is a relatively low concentration of solute to the side where there is a higher solute concentration.

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Facilitated diffusion

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Is the process of spontaneous passive transport of molecules or ions across a biological membrane via specific transmembrane integral proteins.

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Active transport

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Is the process that employs a carrier protein and uses energy from ATP to move a salute through the membrane up its concentration gradient , from the side where it is less concentrated to the side where it is already more concentrated

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Sodium-potassium pump

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Active transport that is responsible for the fact that the cells contain a relatively High concentration of potassium I am but low concentration of sodium ions. The mechanism responsible for this is the sodium potassium pump which moves these two ions in opposite directions across the plasma membrane.

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Vesicular transport

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Cells nuclear particles or droplets of fluid through the membrane in bubble-like vesicles.

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Endocytosis

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All vascular processes that break matter into a cell

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Exocytosis

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Those that export material from a cell

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Phagocytosis

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AKA cell eating, and still reaches out with foot like pseudopods and surrounds a particle such as a bacterium or a bit of cell debris.

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Pinocytosis

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AKA cell drinking occurs in all human cells.

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Receptor-mediated endocytosis

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Is more selective it enables a cell to take in specific molecules from the cells with a minimum of unnecessary fluid .

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Exocytosis

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Is the process of discharging material from a solid by muscular transport.

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Cytoskeleton

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Network of protein filaments and tubules it often forms a very dense support of blood in the cytoplasm it structurally support the cell

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Mictofilaments

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A small rod like structure about 4 - 7 nanometers in diameter, president and numbers in the cytoplasm

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Terminal web

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A dense fibrous Mass

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Intermediate filaments

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Are thicker and thicker than microfilaments 8-10 NM

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Microtubules

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Are Hollow cylinders of protein Kama they hold organelles in place, 4 bundles that contain the cell shape and rigid a, and act somewhat like monorail to God organelles and molecules to specific destination in the cell

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Inclusions

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Are two kinds, stores sell the you air products such as pigments, fat globules, and glycogen granules and foreign bodies such as viruses, bacteria, and dust particles

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Organelles

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Are to the cell what organs are to the body

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The nucleus

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Largest organelle and usually the only one visible with the light microscope

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Nuclear envelope

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Surrounds the nucleus consisting of a two parallel membrane

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Nuclear pores

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Envelope is perforated with nuclear pores formed by a ring-shaped complex of proteins

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Chromosomes

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Red light bodies of DNA and protein and is therefore the genetic control center of cellular activity inside of the nucleus

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Chromatin

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Currants and nondividing cells they are in the form of very fine filaments Bradley dispersed throughout the nucleus Leslie only with the electron microscope

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Nucleoli

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Where subunits of the ribosomes are made before they are transported out of the cytoplasm

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Cisterna

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Refers to a flattened membrane discs that make up the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus

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Rough endoplasmic reticulum

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The cisternae flat, parallel, and covered with ribosomes, which give it its rough or granular appearance.

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Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

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The membrane lacks ribosomes, the cisternae are more tubular in shape, and they Branch more extensively

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Ribosomes

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Are small granules of protein

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Ribosomal ribonucleic acid rRNA

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Are produced In nucleus. Most of them are exported out into the cytoplasm and function there.

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Golgi complex

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Is a small cluster of cisternae that synthesizes carbohydrates and put the finishing touches on protein and glycoprotein synthesis.

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Lysosomes

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Is a package of enzymes enclosed in a membrane

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Peroxisomes

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Resembles lysosomes but contain different enzymes and are not produced by the Golgi complex

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Mitochondria

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Organelles specialized for ATP synthesis

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Cristae

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Is a fold in the inner membrane

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Mitochondrial Matrix

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Contains enzymes comma ribosomes comma and small DNA molecules called mitochondrial DNA

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Centrioles

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Is a short cylindrical assembly of microtubules arranged and 9 groups of 3 microtubules each

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Centrosome

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By the nucleus and has a clear patch of cytoplasm containing a pair of centrioles

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Messenger RNA

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Which is more or less a mirror image of the gene

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Transfer RNA

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Each time the ribosome reads a particular codon on, it must find a smaller RNA molecule

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Transport vesicles

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Bubble like organelles that bud off the ER and carry the protein to the nearest cisternae of the Golgi complex

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Synthesis phase

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Is a period in which a cell carries out DNA replication, doubling its DNA content in preparation for upcoming subdivision.

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The first Gap phase

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Is an interval between cell division and DNA replication during this time a new cell synthesizes proteins grows and carries out its preordained tasks for the body

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Second gap phase

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Is a relatively brief interval between DNA replication and cell division comma and still finishes replicating its centrioles and synthesizes enzymes that control cell division

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Mitotic phase

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Is the face in period in which a cell undergoes mitosis it replicates its nucleus divides its DNA into two identical sets

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Interface

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The time between cell divisions

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Mitosis

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Served all the other functions of cell division, the development of a fertilized egg into an individual composed of 40 trillion cells

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Prophase

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The chromosomes coil and Too Short, dense rods that are easier to distribute two daughter cells than the long, delicate chromatin of interphase

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Sister chromatid

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Chromosome consists of two genetically identical bodies

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Centromere

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Where are the sister chromatids joined together

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Spindle fibers

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Post the centrioles apart as they grow

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Metaphase

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The chromosomes are aligned on the cell equator oscillating slightly and awaiting a signal that stimulates each chromosome to split into at the centromere

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Anaphase

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Begins with activation of an enzyme that Cleaves each centromere into separating the sister chromatids from each other

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Telophase

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The chromatids cluster on each side of the cell the rough ER produces a new nuclear envelope around each cluster and the chromatids begin to uncoil and return to the thinly dispersed chromatid form