Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
131 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
The maintenance of a stable internal environment is ___________.
|
Homeostasis
|
|
|
What are the 3 parts to human homeostasis?
|
Receptors, Control Centers, and Effectors.
|
|
|
What is the anatomical position?
|
Standing erect, face forward, upper limbs at side, and palms forward.
|
|
|
If one part of the body is above another part it is called ____________.
|
Superior
|
|
|
If one part of the body is below another part is is called ________.
|
Inferior
|
|
|
The front of the body is called ____________.
|
Anterior
|
|
|
What is ventral?
|
Front of the body, or anterior
|
|
|
What is the back of the body called (both terms)?
|
Posterior or dorsal
|
|
|
What imaginary line divides the body in half (left and right sides)?
|
Midline
|
|
|
Part or area of body closer to the midline is ___________.
|
Medial
|
|
|
A area or part of the body further from the midline is called ____________.
|
Lateral
|
|
|
What is bilateral?
|
Pair of structures on either side. 2 legs 2 arms
|
|
|
What is contralateral?
|
Opposite structure
|
|
|
What is ipsilateral?
|
Structures on the same side. Left arm and left leg
|
|
|
What is proximal?
|
Closer to the middle or trunk. The heart is proximal to the head.
|
|
|
What is superficial?
|
Near the surface
|
|
|
What is deep?
|
Below the surface
|
|
|
What is Sagittal?
|
Imaginary line that divide the body into left and right sides, the midline is the midsagittal plane and a plane perpendicullar to it is called the parasagittal plane.
|
|
|
What is the transverse plane?
|
Divides the body in half, upper half and lower half
|
|
|
What is the frontal plane?
|
Divides the body in half vertically, front and back.
|
|
|
The abdominal area can be divided into four subdivisions. What are they?
|
RUQ, RLQ, LUQ, AND LLQ
|
|
|
What are the nine regions of the abdomen? Draw and label them
|
(like the numbers on a phone)
1. Right hypocondriac region 2.Epigastric region 3. Left hypochondriac region 4. Right lumbar region 5 umbilical region 6 Left lumbar region 7. Right iliac region 8 hypogastric region 9. Left iliac region |
|
|
Atoms of a single type are?
|
elements
|
|
|
What is matter?
|
Everything.
|
|
|
Can you break down elements?
|
no
|
|
|
What are bulk elements? What are they?
|
Required by humans in large amounts. CHONPS
|
|
|
What are trace elements?
|
Required by humans in small amounts. Iron, Iodine
|
|
|
What are ultra trace elements?
|
Can be toxic to humans in large amounts.
|
|
|
What is a compound?
|
Two or more elements in a fixed ratio. Ex. SodiumChloride
|
|
|
What is a Dalton?
|
Atomic mass unit
|
|
|
What is atomic number?
|
Number of protons
|
|
|
What is atomic mass?
|
Number of protons and neutrons
|
|
|
What is the elemental symbol of Hydrogen and Helium?
|
H and He
|
|
|
What is an elemental isotope? Give an example.
|
Extra and varying neutrons in element. behave similarly despite different mass. C12, C13, C14
|
|
|
What is difference between weight and mass?
|
Mass exist everywhere, weight is a byproduct of gravity.
|
|
|
What is a molecule?
|
Two or more atoms that come together. H2, O2, N2
|
|
|
What is a compound?
|
Molecules with two different atoms.
|
|
|
Which are involved in chemical reactions? Protons, neutrons, and/or electrons
|
electrons
|
|
|
What is the octet rule?
|
second and third shell hold up to 8 electrons. The first shell holds up to 2.
|
|
|
What does the atom depend on for its chemical behavior?
|
The electrons in its outermost shell
|
|
|
An atom with a completed valence shell is called ____________.
|
Inert.
|
|
|
What are the four types of bonding and describe all four.
|
Covalent (shares electrons), Ionic(gains or loses electrons), Van der Waals(attraction), hydrogen(when hydrogen is covalentley bonded to another atom it becomes partially charged, thereby attracting atoms)
|
|
|
Name 3 electronegative elements
|
Fluorine, Chlorine, Oxygen
|
|
|
What do you call a negatively charged ion? a positively charged ion?
|
Anion is - / Cation is +
|
|
|
Draw a structural formula for 2 hydrogens, 2 oxygens, and 2 nitrogens. What kind of bonds do these make?
|
H-H, O=O, N=-N(there are 3 lines b/n the Nitrogens) these are examples of a single, double and triple bond.
|
|
|
What is the atomic number for CHONPS?
|
C=6,H=1, O=8, N=7, P=15, S=16
|
|
|
What do these symbols denote: Ca, K, Cl, Na, Mg, F, I, Fe,
|
Ca-Calcium, K-Potassium, Cl-chlorine, Na-Sodium, Mg-Magnesium, F-fluorine, I-iodine, Fe-iron
|
|
|
What do single, double, and triple bond mean?
|
The number of shared pairs of electrons.
|
|
|
What is molecular polarity?
|
the partial positive and negative charges in certain covalent bonds.
|
|
|
Is a single hydrogen bond a strong bond? What about many of them?
|
No. The more hydrogen bonds there are the stronger they get.
|
|
|
In chemical reactions, ___________ must be accounted for in the products.
|
reactants
|
|
|
What is chemical equilibrium?
|
Forward and reverse reactions occur at same rate.
|
|
|
What are reactants and products?
|
Reactants are sorting materials, and products are formed by the reactions
|
|
|
A+B--->AB is representative of what process?
|
Synthesis
|
|
|
AB----->A+B is representative of what process?
|
Decomposition
|
|
|
AB+CD------>AD+CB is representative of what process?
|
Exhange or Replacement reactions
|
|
|
What influences the rate of reactions, but are not used up in the process?
|
catalysts
|
|
|
In A+B----->AB the arrow is representing what? Why is it used?
|
The arrow is a catalyst, and in biology it is an enzyme. Most chemical reactions do not occur quickly enough without an enzyme.
|
|
|
What does zero, 7 and 14 represent on the pH scale?
|
Zero is an acid, 7 is pure water, and 14 is a base.
|
|
|
What is disassociation?
|
separation in water
|
|
|
Any substance that disassociates (or separates in water) is called an ________.
|
electrolyte
|
|
|
What do acids do in water?
|
They release H+ (hydrogen ions). Therefore the disassociate in water. For example HCl----->H+ + Cl-
|
|
|
What do bases do in water?
|
They combine with hydrogen ions (H+).
|
|
|
What happens when you combine hydrochloric acid (HCl) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH)?
|
HCl + NaOH --------> H2O + NaCl. You get water and sodium chloride(a salt)
|
|
|
What do acids and bases do in the human body?
|
They balance the effects of chemistry.
|
|
|
_______ with a pH of 2 has a lot of _________ and less __________.
|
An acid, H(hydrogen ions), OH- (hydroxide ions)
|
|
|
_________ with a pH of 13 has more ___________ and a few___________.
|
A base, hydroxide ions, hydrogen ions
|
|
|
What is the difference between an acid with a pH of 5 and a pH of 4?
|
The acid with a pH of 4 has a ten fold increase of hydrogen ions.
|
|
|
What maintains the pH of a solution?
|
A buffer
|
|
|
What are buffers?
|
they resist pH changes. They combine with H+ when needed and they release H+ when needed.
|
|
|
Most buffers are a weak __________ and its ____________ ________.
|
acid, conjigate base
|
|
|
What is a buffer that exist in your blood?
|
Carbonic acid
|
|
|
Energy produced by motion is what?
|
kinetic energy
|
|
|
Water + Salt = saltwater. What is water, salt and saltwater?
|
Water is a solvent, salt is a soluter, and saltwater is a solution (an Aqueous solution)
|
|
|
If a molecule repels water it is called _____________.
|
Hydrophobic
|
|
|
If a molecule is water "loving", it is called _____________.
|
Hydrophilic
|
|
|
What molecule is required for energy producing and consuming processes?
|
Oxygen
|
|
|
What is a waste of metabolism?
|
Carbon dioxide
|
|
|
Name two messenger molecules?
|
Nitric oxide, and carbon monoxide
|
|
|
What are inorganic salts? Name 9?
|
Considered inorganic molecules, also considered electrolytes, body balances these for homeostasis. Sodium, Chloride, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium, Phosphate, Carbonate, Bicarbonate, and sulfate
|
|
|
The human body runs on ______________.
|
Glucose
|
|
|
What is a carbohydrate? Name three types of carbohydrates.
|
Carbs provide much of the energy that cells require. They are water soluable. Have twice as much hydrogen as oxygen. The three types are based on their size: monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.
|
|
|
What are the four groups of organic chemicals found in cells?
|
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
|
|
|
What are monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides?
|
Mono - single sugars 3 to 6 Carbon molecules in a linear form. Di - two 6 carbon molecules. Poly - long chains of monosaccharides
|
|
|
What do you call the linkage that binds individual glucose molecules?
|
Glycosidic linkage
|
|
|
What kind of carbohydrates do we find in plants? What are their properties?
|
We find cellulose and starch. Both are polysaccharides. Humans can digest starch but not cellulose.
|
|
|
What type of carbohydrate do we find in animals? What is its properties?
|
We find glycogen in animals. Glycogen is a polysaccharide, that stores glucose for energy production.
|
|
|
Why is cellulose not digested in humans?
|
The chemical stucture is different.
|
|
|
___________ is a storage form of glucose in plants and animals.
|
Polysaccharides
|
|
|
Give examples of the 4 organic chemicals.
|
Carbohydrates -sugars, Lipids - fats, Protiens - amino acids, Nucleic Acids - RNA and DNA
|
|
|
What are 3 properties of lipids?
|
1. Insoluable in water 2. Typically nonpolar 3. Soluable in organic solvents, b/c organic solvents are also nonpolar.
|
|
|
Name 4 different lipids.
|
1. Fats 2. phospholipids 3. steroids 4 Constitute cell membranes.
|
|
|
What is ester linkage?
|
The bonding between fatty acids and glycerol.
|
|
|
Name some characteristics of fat.
|
1. Supply energy for cellular activities. 2. They are hydrocarbons. 3. composed of fatty acids and glycerol.
|
|
|
What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats? Where do they come from?
|
Saturated fats have all single covalent bonds between the carbons in the fatty acid. They come from animals. Unsaturated fats have at least one double bond between carbons in the fatty acid chains.
|
|
|
What is a triaglyceride?
|
A glycerol with an ester linkage to three fatty acid chains.
|
|
|
What are some characteristics triglycerides?
|
1. nonpolar 2. insoluable in water 3. used in the formation of cell membranes.
|
|
|
What happens to a triglyceride before it becomes part of the cell membrane?
|
To make it want to interact with water (polar), it has to lose one of the fatty acid chains and gain a phosphate group. The phosphate group attaches to the glycerol. This new head with 2 tails is called a phospholipid.
|
|
|
What are the parts of a phospholipid? Its characteristics?
|
The head is topped with a polar molecule, then the phosphate group, then glycerol, and the the ester linkage to the two fatty acid chains. The head is hydrophilic (polar) and the tail is hydrophobic(nonpolar).
|
|
|
What group does cholesterol fall in? Name two examples.
|
It is a steriod or a lipid. Estrogen and Testosterone are examples
|
|
|
__________ of a short polymer and an unlinked monomer creates a longer polymer.
|
Dehydration Synthesis
|
|
|
___________ of a long polymer breaks the bond by adding a _________ molecule
|
Hydrolysis, water
|
|
|
What are 4 characteristics of protiens?
|
1. Polymers of amino acids. 2. Manage everything in the physiological environment. 3. digest food. 4. help you respond to the environment.
|
|
|
A chain of amino acids is called a _____________. How many types of amino acids are there in organisms? What is a peptide?
|
polypeptides. 20. Another word for amino acid.
|
|
|
What bond links amino acids together? Fatty acids to glycerol? Individual glucose molecules to each other?
|
peptide bond. ester linkage. glycosidic linkage.
|
|
|
What is a protien polymer called? What is a R group?
|
Polypeptide. The functional group.
|
|
|
What are amino acids?
|
The building blocks of protiens, They also have a basic structure and a R group.
|
|
|
What is the anatomy of an amino acid?
|
There is a central carbon connected to 3 groups. The amino, functional, and the carboxyl group.
|
|
|
Describe the 4 parts of an amino acid.
|
The amino group is NH3 (ammonia). The central carbon is what everything is connected to. The R group which gives function. And the carboxyl group which is polar with a carbon atom and 2 oxygen atoms.
|
|
|
An amino acid can be ________( partially charged) or ___________ ( elecrically charged)
|
polar, acidic or base
|
|
|
Functional groups have function because they are what?
|
polar, nonpolar, or charged. and their overall structure.(these are 3D structures)
|
|
|
What are the 4 protien structures?
|
Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, and Quaternary
|
|
|
Describe a Primary protien structure, and its symbol.
|
Its symbol is 1degree. The amino acid sequence is the basic polypeptide and its functional groups. Appears as a long chain of beads, the head bead is amino group, the middle is amino acid subgroups, and the last is the carboxyl group.
|
|
|
Describe the Secondary protien structures and its symbol. What are they made of?
|
Its symbol is 2 degrees. Beta are pleated sheets, which are flat amino acid chains held together by hydrogen bonds. Alpha hilices are amino acid chains in a helical (shape of a coiled spring) formation held together by hydrogen bonds.
|
|
|
Describe the Tertiary Structure and its symbol.
|
Its symbol is 3degrees. It is the folded structure of a polypeptide chain that incorporates the alpha helices, beta sheets and the amino acid chains using all 4 different bonds.
|
|
|
Describe the Quaternary structure of protiens and its symbol.
|
Its symbol is 4degreees. Combination of Tertiary structures that collect together after folding into the tertiary structure. Everything folds on itself.
|
|
|
R groups play a role in protien structure that is...?
|
1. Strictly structural, which means the bonding depends on the location of the R group. 2. Environmental, it allows the molecule to interact with the environment. 3. Enzymatic, which just means that all biological catalyst are enzymes.
|
|
|
What are two examples of nucleic acid?
|
DNA and RNA
|
|
|
Describe DNA and RNA.
|
DNA is a double helices (two coil springs on each other) RNA is a single heli
|
|
|
__________ synthesizes RNA.
|
DNA
|
|
|
RNA is a _____________. RNA guides the synthesis of ___________ on ___________.
|
nucleic acid chain, proteins, ribosomes
|
|
|
Describe Protein synthesis.
|
DNA tells RNA what to do, RNA goes to the ribosomes to make them make protein.
|
|
|
What is DNA composed of? What are they called as a group? Individuals?
|
DNA is composed of nucleotides. There are 4 in DNA: 1. Adenine, 2. Guanine, 3. Thymine, 4 Cytosine
|
|
|
What is RNA composed of?
What are they called as a group? Individuals? |
RNA is composed of nucleotides. There are 4 in RNA: 1. Adenine, 2. Guanine, 3. Urasil, 4 Cytosine
|
|
|
What sugars does DNA use? RNA?
|
DNA uses deoxyribose sugars. RNA uses ribose sugars
|
|
|
Name the 2 Nitrogeneous bases. What are in each group.
|
Pyrimindines and Purines. Pyrimindines contain CTU - Cytosine,Thyamine and Urasil. Purines contain AG - Adenine and Guanine.
|
|
|
What are the two ends of DNA called?
|
The five prime and the three prime end.
|
|
|
What are the 3 main components of the DNA structure? How are they connected?
|
1. Phosphate 2. Sugar 3. Base. There is a sugar phosphate backbone connected to the base. The bases bond to the bases of another strand with hydrogen bonds.
|
|
|
What are bases in DNA similar to? What are they?
|
They are similar to R groups. They are the genetic code.
|
|
|
Describe the base pairing in DNA. How are they paired?
|
Adenine to Thymine and Cytosine to Guanine. They orient to form hydrogen bonds. There are 1,2, or 3 hydrogen bonds per base pair.
|
|
|
What are protiens?
|
They are enqymes which are catalyst and they make things happen.
|
