Biology 1330 Final Review

Front 1

Is ADP -> ATP

Endergonic or Exergonic?

Back 1

Endergonic

Front 2

Atp -> ADP

Exergonic or endergonic?

Back 2

Exergonic

Front 3

Explain Endosymbiosis

Back 3

The idea that the mitochondria came first, mitochondria and chloroplast were first bacteria when they came into eukaryotes. But mitochondria came first

Front 4

How does phosphorylation of ADP work?

Back 4

A phospate group is simply added to ADP to make ATP

Front 5

Whats the name for mitosis in prokaryotes?

Back 5

Binary fission

Front 6

What does cyclin and cdk do when it comes to the cell cycle

Back 6

They help transition it from phase to phase

Front 7

Explain Epigenetics

Back 7

It's when the gene expression are changed but not the nucleotide sequence

Front 8

High ----> Low is

Back 8

Diffusion

Front 9

Low -----> High is

Back 9

Active transport

Front 10

What can diffuse easily across the membrane

Back 10

Small nonpolar molecules

Front 11

What is RRNA

Back 11

A ribozyme

Front 12

What is a steriod

Back 12

A carbohydrate

Front 13

6 steps of gene expression with Eukaryotes

Back 13

- Chromatin remolding

- Transcriptional level

- MRNA Processing level

- MRNA stability level

- Translational level

-Post-translational level

Front 14

Chromatin remolding

Back 14

when chromatin switches from condensed to decondesnsed

Front 15

Chromatin

Back 15

DNA + Proteins that make up eukaryotic chromosomes

Front 16

Nucleosomes

Back 16

DNA double helix that wraps twice around histone proteins

Front 17

Condensed Chromatin

Back 17

Genes are not accesible to RNA polymerase

Front 18

DNA Methylation

Back 18

Condensed, no transcription, adds a methyl group to nucleotide

Front 19

DNA Demethylation

Back 19

Decondensed, yes transcription, removes methyl group from nucleotide

Front 20

What happens when histone is acetylated

Back 20

Chromatin is decondensed so yes to transcription

Front 21

What happens when you remove acetyl from histone

Back 21

The chromatin becomes condensed so no to transcription

Front 22

Epigenetics

Back 22

Change in gene expression but nucleotide sequence stays the same

Front 23

When are genes inaccesible to RNA Polymerase

Back 23

When chromatin is condensed

Front 24

What does the promoter regions (TATA BOX) in transcription level bind?

Back 24

They bind basal transcription factors such as tata binding protein and RNA polymerase with other proteins. Which forms the basal transcription complex

Front 25

What regulated the activity of the basal transcription complex?

Back 25

Regulatory DNA sequence that bind Regulatory transcription factors

Front 26

3 types of regulatory DNA sequences

Back 26

-Promoter proximal elements

-Enhancers

- Silencers

Front 27

Explain promoter proximal elements

Back 27

DNA sequences located near the promoter that binds positive regulatory proteins (transcriptional activators) or negative regulatory proteins (transcriptional repressors)

Front 28

Explain Enhancers

Back 28

DNA sequences located far away from the promoter and binds positive regulatory proteins (transcription activators)

Front 29

Explain Silencers

Back 29

DNA sequences far away from the promoter that binds negative regulatory proteins (transcription repressors)

Front 30

What are regulatory factors?

Back 30

Proteins that bind to regulatory DNA sequences

Front 31

What do proximal elements do?

Back 31

They interact with the basal transcription complex to increase or decrease transcription

Front 32

What does DNA bending do?

Back 32

Brings Transcriptional activators that bind to enhancers and transcriptional repressors that bind to silencers closer to the BASAL COMPLEX TRANSCRIPTION

Front 33

Whats does Eukaryotic MRNA Processing include?

Back 33

it includes splicing

Front 34

How do cells regulated gene expression at MRNA processing

Back 34

By splicing

Front 35

What's so special about one primary transcript

Back 35

It can splice in several different ways making different version of spliced MRNAS making different proteins

Front 36

Explain MRNA stability level

Back 36

Mrna goes to cytoplasm, then the stability can be controlled by different mechanisms and also Mrna can be attacked by two things

1. RNA destroying enzymes

2. MicroRna that binds to Mrna and cuts them

Front 37

What can control the life time of MRNA?

Back 37

Poly (A) tail length

Front 38

Certain Mrna's are attacked by _______

Back 38

MircoRna's

Front 39

What do MicroRna's do

Back 39

They bind to specific MRNA'S and cut them

Front 40

When can the binding of mircorna's to mrna's happen?

Back 40

THIS CAN ONLY HAPPEN WHEN THE SEQUEQNCE OF THE MICRORNA IS A PERFECT MATH WITH THE REGION ON MRNA WHERE IT BINDS

Front 41

Translational level

Back 41

Phosphorylation of some ribosomal proteins make ribsome unable to translate most MRNA'S

Front 42

How can some mirco RNA'S control translation?

Back 42

by blocking the progress of the ribosomal along the MRNA

Front 43

When does the blocking the progress of ribosomal along the mRNA occur?

Back 43

When the sequence of MicroRNA is not a math with MRNA

Front 44

What are the common mechanisms for post-translational level?

Back 44

- Not folding well

-Not sending it to the final destination

-Modifications such as phosphorylation, glycoslation or binding to other proteins

-Degradation

Front 45

Gene expression

Back 45

Making the final functional product from a gene

Front 46

How do cells in different tissues look and behave differently from each other if they have the same genes?

Back 46

Differential gene expression, basically even though the geneses are the same in all cells they are not expressed the same way

Front 47

Hetereochromatin

Back 47

Condensed (packed) chromatin, contains inactive genes, no transcription

Front 48

Euchromatin

Back 48

Decondensed (unpacked) chromatin, contains actively transcribing genes. Transcription yes

Front 49

Which ones have condensed (packed) chromatin and what happens here

Back 49

-DNA methylated

-Histone deactylated

-Heterochromatid

-No trascription

Front 50

Which ones have decondensed (unpacked) chromatin and what happens here

Back 50

-Dna demethylated

-Histone accetylated

-Euchromatid

-Yes transcription

Front 51

What happens when theres no tumor supressor protein?

Back 51

Uncontrollable cell devision happens which leads to cancer

Front 52

Whats the good news about Epigenetic inheritance

Back 52

Modification can reverse themselves during meiosis

Front 53

What is the bad news about Epigenetic inheritance?

Back 53

Some modifications will be passed down to your kids

Front 54

3 types of regulatory DNA sequence

Back 54

1. Promoter proximal elements (near promoter)

2. Enhancers

3. Silencers

Front 55

2 types of regulatory transcription factors

Back 55

1. Transcription activators: Increase transcription

2. Transcription repressors: Decrease transcription

Front 56

Explain gene therapy

Back 56

Take genes out of your body inject cells into it then inject the now new modified genes back into your body

Front 57

What does Lac-Z gene make?

Back 57

Beta- galactosidase

Front 58

What does lac Y gene make?

Back 58

Premase

Front 59

What are differential gene expressions

Back 59

specific genes transcribe differently in different cells at different times

Front 60

3 levels of gene expression in bacteria

Back 60

1.Transcriptional level

2.Translational level

3. Post- translational level (control of expression after proteins are made)

Front 61

What do ribozymes do?

Back 61

Catalyze peptide bond formations

Front 62

What do E.coli prefer to use other than lactose?

Back 62

Glucose

Front 63

Negative control

Back 63

Glucose present

Lactose absent

Front 64

Operon

Back 64

Cluster of genes controlled by ONE promoter

Front 65

Premease

Back 65

Transporter to take lactose into the cell

Front 66

Beta-galactosidase

Back 66

An enzyme to breakdown lactose to glucose and galactose

Front 67

What does Lac-I gene produce?

Back 67

Represor

Front 68

How does the repressor block transcription?

Back 68

By binding to the operator

Front 69

Explain negative control

Back 69

Repressor binds to the operators which blocks transcription and this happens when glucose is used over lactose

Front 70

Removal of negative control

Back 70

Glucose is present

Lactose is present

Front 71

Explain removal of negative control

Back 71

Lactose enters the cells with the help of permease then the lactose binds onto the repressor. It changes the shape of the repressor which forces the repressor to fall off and transcription can start

Front 72

What happens when glucose and lactose are present?

Back 72

E.coli will still prefer glucose to negative control happens

Front 73

What inhibits the entry of lactose into the cell by inhibiting permease?

Back 73

High level of glucose

Front 74

Explain positive control

Back 74

regulatory proteins trigger transcription

Front 75

What does lac operon include

Back 75

A promoter, and operator, lac genes and an terminator