Biology 1201 Chapter 5

Front 1

Macromolecules

Back 1

A molecule containing a very large number of atoms, such as a protein, nucleic acid, or synthetic polymer.

Front 2

Polymer

Back 2

A substance that has a molecular structure consisting chiefly or entirely of a large number of similar units bonded together.

Front 3

Monomer

Back 3

A molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer.

Front 4

Polymerization Reaction

Back 4

The reaction that forms a polymer from monomers.

Front 5

Condensation Reactions are also called -

Back 5

Dehydration Synthesis Reaction

Front 6

Condensation Reactions (dehydration synthesis reaction)

Back 6

A chemical reaction that involves the loss of water from the reacting molecule.

Front 7

Hydrolysis

Back 7

The chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water.

Front 8

Diversity in polymers comes from -

Back 8

the variation in the arrangement of the monomers.

Front 9

Carbohydrates are used as -

Back 9

Fuels and Building Material

Front 10

Carbohydrates

Back 10

Any of a large group of organic compounds occurring in foods and living tissues and including sugars, starch, and cellulose.

Front 11

Monosaccharide

Back 11

Any of the class of sugars that cannot be hydrolyzed to give a simpler sugar.

Front 12

In aqueous solutions, monosaccharides with 5 or more carbons in the skeleton form -

Back 12

Ring Structures

Front 13

Disaccharides

Back 13

Any of a class of sugars whose molecules contain two monosaccharides.

Front 14

Glycosidic Linkage

Back 14

A type of covalent bond that joins a carbohydrate (sugar) molecule to another group, which may or may not be another carbohydrate.

Front 15

Polysaccharide

Back 15

A carbohydrate (e.g., starch, cellulose, or glycogen) whose molecules consist of a number of sugar molecules bonded together.

Front 16

Glycogen

Back 16

A substance deposited in bodily tissues as a store of carbohydrates. (It is a polysaccharide that forms glucose on hydrolysis).

Front 17

Cellulose

Back 17

An insoluble substance that is the main constituent of plant cell walls and of vegetable fibers such as cotton. It is a polysaccharide consisting of chains of glucose monomers.

Front 18

Chitin

Back 18

A fibrous substance consisting of polysaccharides and forming the major constituent in the exoskeleton of arthropods and the cell walls of fungi.

Front 19

Lipids

Back 19

Any of a class of organic compounds that are fatty acids or their derivatives and are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents.
• They include many natural oils, waxes, and steroids.

Front 20

Fats

Back 20

Any of a group of natural esters of glycerol and various fatty acids, which are solid at room temperature and are the main constituents of animal and vegetable fat. (Compare with oil).

Front 21

Oils

Back 21

Any of a group of natural esters of glycerol and various fatty acids that are liquid at room temperature. (Compare with fat).

Front 22

Fatty acids (FA)

Back 22

A carboxylic acid consisting of a hydrocarbon chain and a terminal carboxyl group.

Front 23

Glycerol

Back 23

A colorless, sweet, viscous liquid formed as a byproduct in soap manufacture. It is used as an emollient and laxative, and for making explosives and antifreeze.

Front 24

Triglycerol (a.k.a. triglyceride)

Back 24

An ester formed from glycerol and three fatty acid groups.
• Triglycerides are the main constituents of natural fats and oils, and high concentrations in the blood indicate an elevated risk of stroke.

Front 25

Phospholipids

Back 25

A lipid containing a phosphate group in its molecule.

Front 26

Steroids

Back 26

Any of a large class of organic compounds with a characteristic molecular structure containing four rings of carbon atoms (three six-membered and one five).
• They include many hormones, alkaloids, and vitamins.

Front 27

Gene

Back 27

A unit of heredity that is transferred from a parent to offspring and is held to determine some characteristic of the offspring.

Front 28

Nucleic Acids

Back 28

A complex organic substance present in living cells (esp. DNA or RNA) whose molecules consist of many nucleotides linked in a long chain.

Front 29

Nucleotide

Back 29

A compound consisting of a nucleoside linked to a phosphate group. Nucleotides form the basic structural unit of nucleic acids such as DNA.
• Composed of sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.

Front 30

Phosphodiester Linkage

Back 30

A group of strong covalent bonds between a phosphate group and two 5-carbon ring carbohydrates (pentoses) over two ester bonds.
• Phosphodiester bonds are central to all life on Earth, as they make up the backbone of the strands of DNA.

Front 31

There are two families of nitrogenous bases:

Back 31

1. Pyrimidines
2. Purines

Front 32

Pyrimidines

Back 32

A colorless crystalline compound with basic properties.

Front 33

Cytosine

Back 33

A compound found in living tissue as a constituent base of nucleic acids. It is paired with guanine in double-stranded DNA.

Front 34

Thymine

Back 34

(only in DNA) — A compound that is one of the four constituent bases of nucleic acids. A pyrimidine derivative, it is paired with adenine in double-stranded DNA.

Front 35

Uracil

Back 35

(only in RNA) — A compound found in living tissue as a constituent base of RNA.
• In DNA its place is taken by thymine.

Front 36

Purines

Back 36

A colorless crystalline compound with basic properties, forming uric acid on oxidation.

Front 37

Guanine

Back 37

A compound that occurs in guano and fish scales, and is one of the four constituent bases of nucleic acids.

Front 38

Adenine

Back 38

A compound that is one of the four constituent bases of nucleic acids.
• A purine derivative, it is paired with thymine in double-stranded DNA.

Front 39

DNA consists of -

Back 39

two chains in a double helix structure elucidated by Watson and Crick.

Front 40

The strands are held together by -

Back 40

hydrogen bonding between the paired bases.

Front 41

Protein functions:

Back 41

• Structural support
• Storage (of amino acids)
• Transport (e.g. hemoglobin)
• Signaling (chemical messengers)
• Cellular response to chemical proteins (receptors)
• Movement (contractile proteins)
• Immuno-defense (antibodies)
• Catalysts (enzymes)