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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a neutron?
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an electrically neutral particle found in the nucleus of an atom
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What exposes relatedness of organisms?
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Common structure (consier whole systems, not just individiuals)
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What is a central unifying theme?
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Evolution is a central unifying theme.
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What is descent with modification?
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Multiple species coming from one common ancestor. (diversification) More species emerge through time.
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What are the two types of stem cells?
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1. embryonic stem cells (cause the controversy, are infinitely variable since they haven't developed into anything yet) 2. adult stem cells (are not infinitely variable)
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If the structure of two things are alike...
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it implies their function will be the same, too.
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Difference between homologous and analygous?
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Homologous: Structures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry.
Analygous: structures similar, but internal origin isn't necessarily the same. |
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Talk about Bacteria.
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prokaryotes loaded with ribosomes. aeroboic: live with oxygen.
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Talk about Eucarya
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the problem was, cells with walls couldn't digest other cells. walless need separate places to digest. SO.
to protect the DNA, an envelope was built around it --> NUCLEUS! |
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Molecules... funfunfun!
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They are all based on Carbon.
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To identify monosaccharides, you use 1_______. 2______ when put with the monosaccharide.
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1 Benedict's
2 It changes from translucent blue to orange, then to a milky deep red when heated. |
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To identify polysaccharides, you use 1_______. 2______ when put with the polysaccharide.
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1 Lugol's iodine test
2 The solution changes to a deep blue-black instantaneously without heat |
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To identify lipids, you use 1_______. 2______ when put with the lipid.
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1 Sudan III/IV
2 The meniscus changes to a deeper red than the rest of the test tube. |
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To identify proteins, you use 1_______. 2_______ when put with the protein.
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1 Biuret (dark blue)
2 Pink/violet color |
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Instead of the known sample, ___ was used in the lab.
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Distilled water
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The number of protons in an uncharged atom...
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equals the number of electrons.
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The word "organic" means
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carbon containing.
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How does dehydration synthesis work?
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AKA condensation
H- and OH- form a covalent bond --> H20. In humans, it's found in the digestive tract. |
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There are__ elements
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92
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Compounds...
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contain two or more elements in a fixed ratio to each other
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Isotopes of an element will always differ in ___.
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atomic mass number.
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What is hydrolysis?
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The opposite of dehydration synthesis (regain lost monomers)
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Hydrophilic...
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"water-loving." soluble in H2o, which is important for living things (otherwise we would melt when it rains). Cytosol.
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Hydrophobic...
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Membranes are hydrophobic (not water-soluble).
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hydroxyl
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OH-
alcohols. |
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carbonyl
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CO-
aldehydes, ketones |
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carboxyl
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COOH-
carboxylic acids |
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amino
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NH2-
amines (amino acids build protein) |
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How many amino acids make up proteins?
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20
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DNA from ___ nucleotide types?
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4
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How are carbohydrates made?
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by hooking together monosaccharides by dehydration synthesis.
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What do carbs contain chemically?
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C, H, O... usually multiples of CH20 (glucose: C6H12O6)
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Carbons can be arranged in
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chains or rings
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What is a disaccharide?
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Two monomers covalently bonded by dehydration synthesis. (glucose + glucose= maltose)
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Cellulose is a
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monosaccharide
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Which of the following is a “macromolecule”?
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a. glucose
b. Sucrose c. Glycogen d. Glycerol |
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The monomers of macromolecules are connected to one another by
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a. ionic bonds
b. hydrogen bonds c. covalent bonds d. more than one of the above |
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Polymers are synthesized from monomers by the process of
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a. Hydrolysis
b. Dehydration synthesis c. Digestion d. Both b and c |
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The breakdown of starch into its subunits, involving the enzyme salivary amylase, is an example of
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a. Hydrolysis
b. Dehydration synthesis c. Digestion d. Both a and c |
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The bonding of glucose to fructose to form sucrose is accompanies by
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a. the additon of water
b. formation of hydrogen bonds c. removal of water (H, OH) d. loss of carbon dioxide |
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This molecule is most likely a
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a. Protein
b. Fat c. Polysaccharide d. Simple sugar |
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Amino acids are to proteins as _______ are to starches
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a. Glucose molecules
b. Nucleotides c. Fatty acids d. Glycerol molscules |
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Nucleotides contain
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a. Glycerol
b. Pentoses c. Sulfur d. Glucose molecules |
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An example of a polymer of nucleotides is
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a. any polypeptide
b. protein c. cellulose d. RNA |
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Biological catalysts are examples of
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1. Biological catalysts are examples of
a. proteins b. carbohydrates c. lipids d. nucleic acids |
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Biological catalysts are examples of
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a. proteins
b. carbohydrates c. lipids d. nucleic acids |
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Which of the following is/are not true of enzymes?
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a. They are proteins
b. They are sensitive to environmental change c. Their 3-dimensional shapes are not related to their functions d. More than one |
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“Electrons lost or gained” best describes _____ bonding.
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a. Hydrogen
b. Covalent c. Ionic d. Both a and c |
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A bond that results from the sharing of electrons is said to be
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a. ionic
b. hydrogen c. covalent d. none of these |
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The number of water molecules necessary to hydrolyze a triglyceride is
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a. 0
b. 1 c. 2 d. 3 |
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Weak bonds that result from the attractions of water molecules for one another are _______ bonds.
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20. Weak bonds that result from the attractions of water molecules for one another are _______ bonds.
a. ionic b. hydrogen c. covalent d. none of these |
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Hydrogen bonds are important in proteins because they
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a. make peptide bonding possible
b. determine primary protein structure c. are important in determining 3- dimensional shape d. are stronger than covalent bonds |
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Both DNA and RNA are made of monomers called
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a. nucleotides
b. nitrogenous bases c. pentoses d. phosphates |
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The “folding” of a protein is also known as its ___ structure.
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a. primary
b. secondary c. tertiary d. quaternary |
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A, T, G, and C are abbreviations for the names of
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a. nucleotides
b. nitrogenous bases c. pentoses d. phosphates |
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Steroids are examples of a kind of
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25. Steroids are examples of a kind of
a. carbohydrate b. protein c. nucleic acid d. lipid |
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A deep blue-black color produced during a lugol’s test indicates the presence of
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26. A deep blue-black color produced during a lugol’s test indicates the presence of
a. monosaccharide b. polysaccharide c. protein d. DNA |
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A molecular building block of complex steroids which is also a steroid in its own right is
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a. cholesterol
b. triglyceride c. phospholipid d. insulin |
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Reddish droplets are indicative of a positive _____ test for ______.
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a. Benedict’s fat test
b. biuret, protein c. Iodine, polysaccharide d. sudan IV, lipid |
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A feature of saturated fats is
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a. liquid at room temperature
b. solid at room temperature c. soluble in water d. hydrophilic |
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RNA differs from DNA in that
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a. uracil replaces thymine
b. it consists of a single chain instead of a double helix c. it contains deoxyribose instead of ribose d. both a and b |
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Heating is required for which analytical test used in the lab?
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a. Benedict’s
b. Lugol’s c. Biuret d. Sudan IV |
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An unknown that produced a purple color with the addition of Biuret reagent contains a
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a. polysaccharide
b. protein c. lipid d. nucleic acid |
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The process of digestion consists of the type of reaction generally known as
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a. dehydration synthesis
b. condensation c. hydrolysis d. anabolic |
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“Quaternary struture” applies to
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a. the sequence of amino acids
b. multiple chain proteins c. enzymes only d. covalent bond formation |
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The central unifying theme of modern biology is
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a. biochemistry
b. evolution c. physiology d. metabolism |
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The most commonly used classification system includes _____ kingdoms.
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a. 2
b. 3 c. 4 d. 5 |
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An assumption of modern biology is that commonality of structures mirrors _______.
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a. relatedness
b. evolution c. physiology d. metabolism |
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Starch is essentially a long chain of repeating ______ units.
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a. glucose
b. sucrose c. fructose d. lactose |
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“Triglyceride” may be used interchangeably with________
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a. wax
b. steroid c. hormone d. fat |
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A type of protein belonging to the “transport” group of proteins is
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a. hemoglobin
b. an antibody c. a catalyst d. a hormone |
