Biology

Front 1

What is the living things checklist?

Back 1

1. Movement

2. Respiration

3. Sensitivity

4. Growth

5. Reproduction

6. Excretion

7. Nutrition

Front 2

What is the cell theory?

Back 2

1. All organisms are composed of cells

2. Cells are the smallest units of life

3. All cells come from pre-existing cells

Front 3

What is the difference between light and electron microscopes?

Back 3

An electron microscopes have much shorter wave lengths than light microscopes, in order to produce higher-resolution images

Front 4

What are organelles?

Back 4

Any number of specialised or organised structures within a living cell

Front 5

Difference between pro and eukaryotic cells?

Back 5

Prokaryotic cells are unicellular and don’t have a nucleus, whereas eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and membrane enclosed organelles

Front 6

Label an animal cell

Back 6

Back (Definition)

Front 7

Label a plant cell

Back 7

Back (Definition)

Front 8

Function of cell wall

Back 8

Gives structure and support to cells. Made of cellulose

Front 9

function of cell membrane

Back 9

holds to contents of the cell in place and controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell.

Front 10

function of nucleus

Back 10

Controls the cell activities e.g. cell division, metabolism, and contains genetic information (DNA).

Front 11

function of nucleolus

Back 11

Manufactures ribosomes which move out of the nucleus to the ER of protein synthesis. Appears as a darkly stained part of the nucleus.

Front 12

function of vacuole

Back 12

Involved in digestion, storage and release of cellular waste products. In animals cells they are very small, but in plants can be very large and play a role in turgor pressure and maintaining the shape of the cell.

Front 13

function of mitochondria

Back 13

The site of aerobic respiration, make energy. Oval shaped. Inner membrane is highly folded to increase surface area for site of chemical reactions.

Front 14

function of chloroplast

Back 14

Site of photosynthesis in plants. Contain stacks or 'grana' containing chlorophyll to trap sunlight.

Front 15

function of ribosomes

Back 15

The site of protein synthesis. Very small, often found attached or Endoplasmic Reticulum.

Front 16

function of endoplasmic reticulum

Back 16

(ER) involved in synthesis and transport of materials within the cell. Smooth ER has no ribosomes attached. Rough ER has ribosomes attached.

Front 17

function of golgi apparatus

Back 17

Modifies, sorts and packages substances made by the cell to be exported.

Front 18

function of lysosomes

Back 18

Pick up and break down unwanted materials (old organelles, bacteria)

Front 19

function of cytoplasm

Back 19

Jelly like cytoplasm that fills up the interior of the cell and supports the organelles. Site for chemical reactions

Front 20

function of cytosol

Back 20

The fluid that surrounds the organelles.

Front 21

what is the difference between cytoplasm and cytosol?

Back 21

Cytoplasm fills in the empty space and supports the organelles within the cell. It also regulates what enters and exits the cell. Cytosol surrounds just the organelles but does not regulate them as a collective.

Front 22

what is meant by an 'organic' molecule?

Back 22

contains carbon carbohydrates, hydrogen and oxygen atoms

Front 23

the plasma membrane forms:

Back 23

- The membrane controls the exchange of materials between the internal and external environments of the cell.

- Membranes are selectively permeable (allows some substances through but not others)

Front 24

label the parts of the membrane

Back 24

Front 25

what is diffusion

Back 25

it is the movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. it moves substances down the concentration gradient

Front 26

Diffusion will continue until....

Back 26

it will continue until the concentration gradient has been eliminated

Front 27

what particles can easily go through a membrane?

Back 27

uncharged particles such as water and oxygen

Front 28

What is facilitated diffusion?

Back 28

the substance is attached to a specific carrier molecule to move across a membrane

Front 29

what is osmosis?

Back 29

the movement of semi permeable membranes from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

Front 30

what is a hypotonic solution?

Back 30

lower solute, higher water

Front 31

what is a hypertonic solution?

Back 31

higher solute, lower water

Front 32

define active transport

Back 32

the deliberate movement of molecules across the membrane from a region of low concentration to a region of high concentration

Front 33

what is the surface area to volume ratio?

Back 33

The larger a cell is, the greater the surface area available for diffusion. ... Smaller cells have a much greater surface area to volume ratio allowing material to diffuse throughout the entire volume of the cell quickly and efficiently.

Front 34

what is an enzyme?

Back 34

a substance that acts as a catalyst to enact a chemical reaction

Front 35

what is a catalyst?

Back 35

a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself undergoing chemical change

Front 36

what is an anabolic reaction?

Back 36

one that builds up complex molecules

Front 37

what is a catabolic reaction?

Back 37

the breakdown of complex molecules to simpler products

Front 38

label the diagram

Back 38

Front 39

list the four factors that effect enzyme activity

Back 39

1. pH

2. temperature

3. Substrate and enzyme concentration

4. Cofactors and coenzymes can either promote or prevent reactions occurring

Front 40

what is a competitive inhibitor

Back 40

a molecule that competes with a substrate for an enzyme active site and impairs enzyme function

Front 41

what is a non-competitive inhibitor?

Back 41

a molecule that binds to an enzyme at a site other an the active site, that still impairs enzyme function

Front 42

label the different parts of chloroplast

Back 42

Front 43

define respiration

Back 43

a series of chemical reactions which release energy from complex carbohydrates

Front 44

define photosynthesis

Back 44

a series of reactions that converts carbon dioxide and water in the presence of light and chlorophyll into sugars and oxygen

Front 45

cells to multicellular organisms steps:

Back 45

atoms

make up

molecules

make up

organelles

make up cells

Front 46

what are the four main functions of the circulatory system

Back 46

1. Circulates oxygen and water and the removal of carbon dioxide

2. Provides the cells with nutrients

3. Protects the body against disease and infection by removal of the waste products

4. The maintenance of homeostasis

Front 47

what are the three main components of the circulatory system

Back 47

1. heart

2. blood

3. blood vessels - veins, arteries and capillaries

Front 48

label the components of the blood

Back 48

Front 49

label the features of red blood cells

Back 49

Front 50

label the heart

Back 50

Front 51

what is countercurrent gas exchange? (in a fish)

Back 51

the blood flows through the gills in the opposite direction as the water flowing over the gills

Front 52

what is an open circulatory system?

Back 52

pumps blood into a hemocoel with the blood diffusing back to the circulatory system between cells. blood is pumped by a heart into the body cavities, where tissues are surrounded by blood.

(insects)

Front 53

what is a closed circulatory system?

Back 53

(vertebrates) have the blood closed at all times within vessels of different sizes and wall thickness. the blood is pumped by the heart through vessels and does not fill up cavities

Front 54

label the human respiratory system

Back 54

Front 55

what are the four main roles of the digestive system?

Back 55

1. ingestion of food into the body

2. digestion of food

3. absorption of nutrients

4. egestion of waste

Front 56

what are the two types of digestion?

Back 56

mechanical digestion - physical movements of the teeth to make the food smaller

chemical digestion - enzymes continue to break down the food

Front 57

label the human digestive system

Back 57

Front 58

what is excretion?

Back 58

a process by which metabolic waste is eliminated from an organism

Front 59

a person has been in a car crash and lost the function of the kidneys. explain why they must undergo dialysis?

Back 59

the body can no longer pass waste as urine and filter blood, so dialysis is essential to ensure these waste products are removed and excess fluid does not build up in the body

Front 60

what is deamination?

Back 60

the removal of an amino group from an amino acid or other compound

Front 61

what is toxic ammonia?

Back 61

when there is too much ammonia in the body that the kidneys cannot eliminate it from the body

Front 62

label the human kidney diagram

Back 62

Front 63

explain the countercurrent arrangement found in fish that facilitates diffusion of respiratory gasses

Back 63

The blood flows through the gills in the opposite direction to the water flowing over the gills. This then facilitates counter current oxygen exchange and creates a diffusion gradient and allows maximum extraction of oxygen from water that flows over the gills