Biology 1108 Exam

Front 1

Creates evolutionary independent populations.

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Speciation

Front 2

If gene flow drops:

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1.) Groups are effectively isolated
2.) Groups diverge over time.

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Speciation results from...

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Genetic Isolation and Genetic Divergence

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Genetic Isolation is due to:

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Lack of gene flow

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Genetic Divergence occurs because:

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Selection, genetic drift, and mutation proceed independently in the isolated populations.

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Evolutionary independent population or group of populations

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Species

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3 Concepts to identify a Species

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1. Biological Species Concept
2. Morphological Species Concept
3. Phylogenetic Species Concept

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Population of freely breeding individuals that produce viable offspring and are reproductively isolated.

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Biological Species Concept

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Reproductive Isolating Mechanisms:

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Prezygotic and Postzygotic

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Prevents individuals of different species from mating.

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Prezygotic R.I.M.

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Examples of Prezygotic R.I.M.s

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1. Mechanical
2. Geographic
3. Temporal
4. Behavioral Isolation
5. Gametic Barrier

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Postzygotic R.I.M.s

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The offspring of matings between members of different species do not survive or reproduce.

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Example of Postzygotic R.I.M.s

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1. Hybrid Viablity
2. Hybrid Sterility

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Do not develop normally and dies as embryos.

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Hybrid Viability

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Hybrid Offspring mature but are sterile as adults.

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Hybrid Sterility

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Pros for Biological Species Concept:

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Reproductive isolation/ evolutionary independence

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Cons for Biological Species Concept:

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Doesn't work for asexual organisms (Bacteria) and can not be used for fossil speciation

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Identify evolutionarily independent lineages through morphological similarities... species are not quite different enough to be called subspecies.

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Morphospecies Concept

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Pros for Morphospecies Concept:

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Widely applicable, especially when biologists have no data of gene flow, and is applicable to sexually, asexual or fossil species.

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Drawbacks for Morphospecies Concept:

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Cannot identify cryptic species

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What was the problem with the conservation strategy for the Dusky seaside sparrows?

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Phylogenetic Analysis disputes approach.

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Evolutionary Trees that show relationship contructed from DNA Sequences based on monophyletic Groups.

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Phylogenetic Species Concept

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Pros for Phylogenetic Species Concept:

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Can be applied to any population
Logical because different species have different syanomorphies only if they are isolated from gene flow and have evolved independently.

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Cons for Phylogenetic Species Concept:

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Carefully estimated phylogenies are available for tiny subset of populations

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Trait unique to a monophyletic group (any trait really and will be shared)

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Syanomorphy

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How can speciation begin?

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Allopatric Speciation

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Reproductive isolation follows physical separation

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Allopatric Speciation

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Reproductive Isolation Mechanisms are again not by gene flow but by:

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Drift, Selection, and mutation

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Allopatric Speciation by what means?

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Vicariance and Dispersal/Colinization

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Disperse from their population and colonize a new habitat which results in two populations isolated from one another.

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Dispersal

Front 31

What was the problem with the conservation strategy for the Dusky seaside sparrows?

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Phylogenetic Analysis disputes approach.

Front 32

Evolutionary Trees that show relationship contructed from DNA Sequences based on monophyletic Groups.

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Phylogenetic Species Concept

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Pros for Phylogenetic Species Concept:

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Can be applied to any population
Logical because different species have different syanomorphies only if they are isolated from gene flow and have evolved independently.

Front 34

Cons for Phylogenetic Species Concept:

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Carefully estimated phylogenies are available for tiny subset of populations

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Trait unique to a monophyletic group (any trait really and will be shared)

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Syanomorphy

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How can speciation begin?

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Allopatric Speciation

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Reproductive isolation follows physical separation

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Allopatric Speciation

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Reproductive Isolation Mechanisms are again not by gene flow but by:

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Drift, Selection, and mutation

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Allopatric Speciation by what means?

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Vicariance and Dispersal/Colinization

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Disperse from their population and colonize a new habitat which results in two populations isolated from one another.

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Dispersal

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Chance that population physically separates populations into subgroups.

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Vicariance

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Sympatric Reproductive Isolation occurs without... and might be isolated for preferences for different habitats.

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Physical Separation

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The divergence of populations living within the same geographic area into different species as a result of their GENETIC isolation.

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Sympatric Speciation

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The divergence of populations into different species by physical isolation of populations in different geographic areas.

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Allopatric Speiciation

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Error in Meiosis/Mitosis causing of doubling of chromosome number.

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Polyploidy

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What speciation is most common in plants?

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Polyploidy

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Sympatric by polyploidy is therefore:

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Quick, Sympatric, and common

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When isolated diverging populations are reintroduced..

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Secondary Contract

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Possible outcomes of secondary contract...

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Reinforcement
Hybrid Zones
Hybrid Success

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Selections favors those that don't interbreed.

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Reinforcement

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Less divergence between parental populations> Hybrid Embryos are less viable, and offspring are less fit.

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Hybrid Zones

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Hybrid Offspring potentially receive new combinations of alleles, by chance my prove beneficial.

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Hybrid Success

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Evolutionary History of group of organisms.

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Phylogeny

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Trees Express:

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*Branches
*Forks (Nodes) Divergence Point
*Tips (terminal nodes)

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An ancestral population and all the descendents:

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Monophyletic Group

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Trait unique to monophyletic group

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Syanomorphy

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Smallest Monophyletic Group:

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Phylogentic Group

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Creates Trees using shared derived characteristics (Syanomorphies)

Derived Traits from common ancestors

Trees indicate monophyletic groups

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Cladistic Approach

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Drawbacks of Cladistic Approach:

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Outcome of convergent evolution

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When unrelated organisms share similar traits you get>

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Convergent Evolution, if natural selection favors similar solutions to problems.

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Homoplasy; Like one another>

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Analogous traits

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How identify Homologous Traits?

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1.) Similar traits between groups do share common ancestry
2.)Can be observed at three levels

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How homologous traits can be observed?

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Genetic Homologies
Developmental Homologies
Structural Homologies

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Genes from different species may be similar in DNA Sequence or other attributes.

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Genetic Homologies

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Structures that appear early in developmental are similar.

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Developmental Homologies

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Limbs with different functions but have the same underlying structures.

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Structural Homologies

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Redefining Trees through>

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Parsimony

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Simplest explanation often the best and most likely relationship implies least amount of change.

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Parsimony

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Tree construction is not just about DNA, also:

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Fossil Recoreds
Age of Earth
Evidence of continental, environmental, and oceanic change
extinctions

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Often find evidence of explosive speciation in relatively short span.

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Adaptive Radiations

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3 Key similarities of Adaptive Radiations:

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1. Monophyletic Groups
2. Rapid Divergence
3. New Species Ecologically Diverse (Niche)

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How do adaptive radiations occur?

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Novel Ecological opportunities and resources open and loss of competitors (EXTINCTION)

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Irrevocable loss of species

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Extinction

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The loss of one species can

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open the door for another.

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The Protists:

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mostly unicellular, some colonial/multicellular

heterotrophic/mixo/auto

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Different food source than itself:

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Heterotrophic

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Independent vegetative cells
each cell with flagella
some cells divide asexually producing daughter colonies

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Volvox

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Multicellular green algae
Sea Lettuce Thallus up to one meter

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Ulva

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Filmentous
SPiral chloroplasts
Reproduce through conjugation

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Spirogyra

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Primarily multicellular
Warm seawater
Sushi Wraps
PHycoerathrin and Phycocyanin

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Red Algae

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All muliticellular
SImple filaments
Chlrophylls a and c fucoxanthin
Laminarin

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Brown Algae

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Holdfast
Stripe
Air Bladder
Blades

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Rockweed

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Macrocystis

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Giant Kelp

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Laminaria

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Tissue differentiation

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AKA Plankton
all unicellular
silica cell walls
top and bottom shells divide called valves

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Diatoms

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Unicellular organism
Cellulose plates
longitudinal transver grooves with flagells
Chloroplasts with cartenoid

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Dinoflagellates