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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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muscle types |
smooth skeletal cardiac |
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skeletal muscle structure |
muscle, muscle fiber, myofibril, sarcomeres |
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sarcomere |
contractile units of muscles z-line to z-line striations are visible z-lines |
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actin |
thin protein filaments
attatched to z-lines has myosin binding sites |
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myosin |
thick protein filaments binds to actin |
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troponin complex |
has Ca²⁺ receptors when triggered causes shape change in tropomyosin exposing binding sites on actin |
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muscle contraction |
a neural impulse transmitted across synapse to muscle cell by acetylcholine neural impulse passes down t-tubules to SR SR releases Ca²⁺ into cytosol Ca²⁺ binds to troponin complex and binding sites on actin are exposed myosin uses ATP to ¨walk¨ along actin (contraction) neural impulse ends; SR pumps Ca²⁺ back from cytosol tropomyosin blocks binding sites on actin; relaxation occurs |
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osmoregulation |
regulation of water and solutes |
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interstitial fluid |
watery liquid that surrounds cells contains water and solutes aids in exchange with capillaries |
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osmoconformers |
interstitial fluids resemble seawater isotonic marine invertabrates |
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osmoregulators |
interstitial fluids are different from the environment hyper- or hypotonic use energy to transport water or solutes |
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metabolites |
waste from metabolic processes |
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Ammonia |
water soluble gas toxic in small amounts must be excreted quickly requires lots of water |
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Urea
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toxic in large amounts takes a lot of water |
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Uric Acid |
non-toxic takes very little water secreted as paste |
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Urine |
95% water |
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Kidneys |
regulate water and solutes by filtering blood |
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Ureters |
tubes from kidneys to bladder |
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Bladder |
stores urine |
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Urethra |
drains bladder |
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nephron |
functional unit of kidney |
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glomerous |
network of capillaries per nephron |
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filtration |
plasma and solutes removed |
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reabsorption |
vital solutes and water are reclaimed and return to capillary |
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hemolyph |
circulatory fluid and interstitial fluid are the same open circulatory system |
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blood |
circulatory fluid and interstitial fluid are seperate closed system |
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single circulation |
heart pumps blood through one circuit 2 chambered heart 2 classes of fish |
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double circulation |
pulmonary and systemic circuits 3 or 4 chambered hearts |
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human blood circulation |
superior/inferior vena cava right atrium tricuspid valve right ventricle pulmonary semilunar valve pulmonary arteries lungs pulmonary veiins left atrium bicuspid valve left ventricle aortic semilunar valve aorta body |
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lub sound |
atrioventricle valves closing |
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dub sound |
semilunar valves closing |
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blood pressure affected by |
salt intake stress plaque build-up |
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sinoatrial node |
¨Pacemaker¨ generates electrical signal for atria |
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atrioventricular node |
passes signal to ventricles |
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ECG |
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lymphatic system |
collects lymph that leaks from capillaries |
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lymph nodes |
organs that filter lymph have resident leukocytes |
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nasal cavity |
filters, warms, and moistens air |
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trachea |
wind pipe |
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larynx |
upper part of trachea contains vocal cords mobile pushes epiglottis to cover glottis |
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glottis |
opening to trachae |
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bronchi |
tubes from trachae to lung |
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bronchioles |
tube network in lungs |
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alveoli |
sites of gas exchange small air sacs |
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control of breathing |
medulla oblongatta pons |
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gas transport |
90% of CO₂ is in bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻) |
