Biology 11000, Mammal Diversity And Evolution.

Front 1

Mammalia is a class/order/phylum?

Back 1

Class.

Front 2

How many species are there in mammalia class?

Back 2

5,500.
Of them: 2,300 -rodents, 1,100 - bats.

Front 3

Name 11 defining sets of characters of mammals.

Back 3

1. Endothermy
2. Hair
3. Limbs beneath the body
4. Ear structure (bones migrated from jaw bones in reptiles)
5. Brain structure (cerebrum is enlarged in mammals)
6. Dentition (heterodont)
7. digestive/ respiratory features (secondary palate)
8. circulatory system
9. Urinary system
10. Reproductive system (don't have cloaca like birds do)
11. Lactation

Front 4

When did the first mammals evolve?

Back 4

First mammal-like features in reptiles (subclass Synapsida), over 300 MYA.

Front 5

Which mammal-like characteristics did therapsids have?

Back 5

Limbs beneath the body;
Secondary palate separating mouth from nasal passages.

Front 6

When did the first mammals separated from therapsids?

Back 6

In late Triassic, 240 MYA.

Front 7

Where do Triconodonta order get it name?

Back 7

First mammals had cheek teeth with three colonical cusps in a linear series.

Front 8

Which subclass are triconodonts and monotremata classified together to?

Back 8

Prototheria.

Front 9

Which order is older monotremata or triconodonta?

Back 9

Triconodonta.

Front 10

Describe order monotremata.

Back 10

Order Monotremata (egg-laying mammals).These more primitive mammals make up the families Tachyglossidae (echidnas, also called spiny anteaters) and Ornithorhynchidae (platypuses).
Retain many reptilian features - lay eggs; have single hole for disscharge of faeces, urine and gametes (cloaca).

Front 11

How do monotremata order's belonging animals provide parental care to their young?

Back 11

Feel with milk secreted from nipple less mammary glands onto tufts of hair.

Front 12

Playpus and echidna belong to which mammalian order?

Back 12

Monotremata.

Front 13

How does platypus hunt in water with its eyes closed?

Back 13

Using electrolocation. Bill is full of nerve endings for electrolocation.

Front 14

Which two infraclasses does subclass Theria contain?

Back 14

Metatheria and eutheria.

Front 15

Order of onotremata is part of which subclass?

Back 15

Prototheria.

Front 16

What are eutherians?

Back 16

Placental mammals. Placental relationship between foetal membranes and uterine linings.

Front 17

Name four clades of eutherian mammals.

Back 17

Afrotheria, Xenarthra, Laurasiatheria, Euarchonta.

Front 18

Name which orders does mammalian clade Afrotheria include?

Back 18

Elephants, manatees & dugongs, hyraxes, elephand shrews, aardvarks, tenrecs, golden moles.

Front 19

Which is the oldest clade of eutherians?

Back 19

Afrotheria. 105 MYA.

Front 20

How many species of elephants exist now?

Back 20

Two: African and Indian.

Front 21

Why do elephants have big ears?

Back 21

To dissipate heat.

Front 22

Describe elephant social organisation.

Back 22

Related females live together. Oldest leads the group. Males line along in small groups.

Front 23

How do elephants communicate over long distances?

Back 23

Using infrasound.

Front 24

With what animal are golden moles convergent to, but not related?

Back 24

Moles (Insectivora).

Front 25

Name families of mammalian clade Xenarthra.

Back 25

Anteaters, 2 families of sloths and armadillos.

Front 26

Where did mammalian clade Xenarthra evolved?

Back 26

In S. America, where most extant species live.

Front 27

Name common features of mammalian clade Xenathra.

Back 27

(Armadillos, anteaters, sloths). Teeth reduced in size or lost, usually large claws on toes, have diet low in energy content.

Front 28

Anteaters have no teeth, how do they crush insects to digest them?

Back 28

They have gizzard-like pyloric region in stomach.

Front 29

Which order includes families: shrews, solenodons, hedgehogs, moles & desmans?

Back 29

Eulipotyphla.

Front 30

What is the highest cost for being small?

Back 30

High SA: volume ratio - lose much heat. Eg shrews eat equivalent of own mass each day.

Front 31

Name some of the features of Eulipotyphla.

Back 31

Nocturnal, poor vision, other senses well developed;
Small brain, cerebrum has smooth surface;
Many teeth (only toothed whales have more teeth).

Front 32

Which animal is considered the smallest terrestrial mammal?

Back 32

Shrew. African forest shrew - 2 g.

Front 33

Are desmans subterranean or aquatic animals?

Back 33

Aquatic.

Front 34

Name sensory organs that are typical to moles and desmans.

Back 34

Richly endowed tactile organs such as Eimer's organs on muzzles, vibrissae on muzzles, tails and legs.

Front 35

To which order do hares, pikas and rabbits belong to?

Back 35

Lagomorpha.

Front 36

How are Lagomorpha distinguished from rodents?

Back 36

By peg teeth, second pair of incisors behind upper pair.

Front 37

Which three sub-orders does order Rodentia include?

Back 37

Squirrel-like;
mouse-like;
cavy-like (porcupines, capybara, guinea-pig, African mole rats).

Front 38

What is kin selection?

Back 38

Kin selection refers to apparent strategies in evolution that favor the reproductive success of an organism's relatives, even at a cost to their own survival and/or reproduction. The classic example is a eusocial insect colony, in which sterile females act as workers to assist their mother in the production of additional offspring.

Front 39

In which mammals from order rodentia kin selection is part of reproductive strategy?

Back 39

Naked moles.

Front 40

What are ungulates?

Back 40

Ungulates (meaning roughly "being hoofed" or "hoofed animal") are several groups of mammals, most of which use the tips of their toes, usually hoofed, to sustain their whole body weight while moving.

Front 41

Name two orders of ungulates.

Back 41

Perissodactyla (Odd-toed ungulates) and
Artiodactyla (even-toed ungulates).

Front 42

Name some examples of Perissodactyla.

Back 42

Perissodactyla (Odd-toed ungulates) - tapirs, asses, horses, zebras, rhinoceroses.

Front 43

Name some examples of Artiodactyla.

Back 43

Artiodactyla (even-toed ungulates) - pig, deer, camel.

Front 44

Which order is more diverse Artiodactyla or Perissodactyla?

Back 44

Artiodactyl.

Front 45

Name two main types of artiodactyl.

Back 45

Artiodactyla (even-toed ungulates): pigs and relatives; ruminants.

Front 46

Hypos are the closest relative of which animals (based on molecular data)?

Back 46

Whales and dolphins.

Front 47

Hippopotamus belongs to which order of mammals?

Back 47

Artiodactyla (even-toed ungulates).

Front 48

What is the name of the family of mammals that have horns? (Belong to order Antiodactyl, ungulates).

Back 48

Bovidae - cattle, goats, antelopes.

Front 49

What is the name of the family of mammals that have antlers? (Belong to order Antiodactyl, ungulates).

Back 49

Carvidae (deer).

Front 50

What is the difference between horns and antlers?

Back 50

Like horns, antlers are made from bone, but they are regrown and shed annually.

Front 51

Which family of carnivore mammals have a helping behaviour? Juveniles stay in parental ranges as helpers and delay heir own reproduction.

Back 51

Silverbacked jackals.

Front 52

Name three orders of aquatic mammals.

Back 52

Sirenia, Carnivora (pinnipedes), Cetacea (whales and dolphins).

Front 53

Describe mammals in order Sirenia.

Back 53

Only marine mammals, herbivores. Stomach is not compartmentalised, so has long intestines. Expend little energy, move slowly. Constant replacement of teeth (like in elephants). Store much fat.

Front 54

Name three families of Order Carnivora, Pinnipedes.

Back 54

- Walrus
- Eared seals
- Seals.

Front 55

Animals of which family has expernal ears - sea lions or seals?

Back 55

Sea lions.

Front 56

What are two suborders of Cetartiodactyla?

Back 56

Whales and dolphins:
- baleen whales;
- Toothed whales.

Front 57

Which are the largest whales - toothed whales or baleen whales?

Back 57

Baleen whales.

Front 58

Which type of whales have separate paired nostrils?

Back 58

Baleen whales.

Front 59

How many species of toothed whales poses an ability to echolocate?

Back 59

13 out of 67 species.

Front 60

Where is the echolocation sound produced in toothed whales?

Back 60

In nasal passages produced by monkey lips.

Front 61

What is the function of melon in toothed whales?

Back 61

It focuses sound at forehead.

Front 62

How are echolocation echoes received in toothed whales?

Back 62

Returning sounds channeled through oil-filled sinuses in lower jaw to inner ear.

Front 63

How is inner ear modified in toothed whales to make more precise sound channel?

Back 63

It is isolated from skull by bubbly foam.

Front 64

What is the name of the order bats belong to?

Back 64

Chiroptera.

Front 65

What are two suborders recognised in Order Chiroptera?

Back 65

Maga- and microchiroptera.

Front 66

Fruitbats (Pteropoidae) belong to micro- or megachiroptera?

Back 66

Megachiroptera.