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101 Cards in this Set
- Front
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Which of the following is FALSE about influenza virus in marine mammals?
a. H7N7 and H4N5 from harbor seals b. 7 day incubation period c. swollen neck is common finding in seals d. severe disease in well nourished animals |
b. 7 day incubation period
-3d or less incubation period -severe disease in seals w/ swollen necks d/t fascial trapping of air escaping through thoracic inlet -bronchial pneumonia CRC handbook |
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What disease agent was blamed for epizootic pneumonia of harbor seals in 1979-1980?
a. herpes virus b. leptospirosis c. lungworms d. influenza virus |
d. influenza virus
-young animals -high mortality -secondary Mycoplasma infection -muco-ocular discharge, conjunctivitis, pulmonary edema, and emphysema CRC handbook |
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Which of the follwoing is FALSE about morbilliviruses in pinnipeds?
a. phocids get CDV and PDV b. subcutaneous emphysema of neck common in phocids c. CDV vaccine has shown to be protective in seals d. usually chronic disease |
d. usually chronic disease
-acute to subacute w/ high mortality |
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Which of the follwoing is FALSE about morbilliviruses in cetaceans?
a. subcutaneous edema in striped dolphins b. small amount of stainable antigen c. marked syncytia in lungs and lymphoid tissues d. chronic course of disease |
b. small amount of stainable antigen
-there is large amount of Ag in cetaceans which can be stained w/ immunoperoxidases for Dx -also shed large amounts of virus -dz usually chronic in cetaceans CRC handbook |
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Which of the follwoing is FALSE about pox viruses?
a. found in captive and free range pinnipeds and cetaceans b. parapox is the etiology for pinnipeds and orthopox for cetaceans c. differentiate from calicivirus b/c pox has lesions on head or neck in addition to flippers d. basophilic intracytoplasmic inclusions |
d. basophilic intracytoplasmic inclusions
-Dermatophilus congolensis and calicivirus (flipper erosions only) should be differentials CRC handbook |
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Which of the following are contributing factors for uric acid urolith formation in pinnipeds?
a. alkaline urine, low urinary volume, increased uric acid in the urine b. acidic urine, low urinary volume, increased uric acid in the urine c. alkaline urine, increased urinary volume, increased uric acid in the serum d. acidic urine, no effect from urinary volume, increased uric acid in the serum e. neutral urine pH, low urinary volume, increased uric acid in the urine |
b. acidic urine, low urinary volume, increased uric acid in the urine
-serum uric acid is extremely variable in marine mammals JZWM 07 38(1):114 |
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Which of the following is correct about incidental renal pathology in northern elephant seals and California sea lions?
a. hydropnephrosis and ammonium urate nephroliths in N. elephant seals only b. hydronephrosis and uric acid nephroliths in California sea lions c. pyelonephritis and hydronephrosis with uric acid nephroliths in N. elephant seals d. pyelonephritis, pelvis dilation, and hydronephrosis with ammonium urate nephroliths in California sea lions e. pyelonephritis, pelvis dilation, and hydronephrosis with uric acid nephroliths in N. elephant seals |
d. pyelonephritis, pelvis dilation, and hydronephrosis with ammonium urate nephroliths in California sea lions
-both species had pelvis dilation and pyelonephritis with ammonium urate nephroliths -only CA sea lions had hydronephrosis -only elephant seals had uric acid nephroliths JZWM 07 38(1):114 |
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Which of the follwoing is correct about Klebsiella spp. in New Zealand sea lions?
a. low seroprevalence amongst adults versus those less than 12 months old b. Klebsiella pneumonia was determined to be endemic in the population and caused high mortalities c. there was a peak in pup immunity by 2 weeks old followed by a decrease in antibodies until they reached 12 months old d. transfer of passive immunity was low in neonates but antibodies were detected before the K. pneumonia epizootics e. antibodies to Klebsiella were only present in adults after the K. pneumoniae epizootics |
d. transfer of passive immunity was low in neonates but antibodies were detected before the K. pneumonia epizootics
-pups had 16% seroprevalnce vs. 96% in adults -western blot could not determine species of Klebsiella so could not conclude that K. pneumonia was endemic -pups had very low levels of IgG -Klebsiella antibodies were detected inn all age groups before, during, and after the 01-02 K.pneumonia epizootic JWD 08 44(1):8 |
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Which of the following is correct about neonatal mortalities of New Zealand sea lions at Sandy Bay?
a. in years of no Klebsiella epidemics, starvation was the main cause of death until mid-January b. trauma and bacterial infections peaked in early January c. the absolute number of deaths from trauma was not affected by K. pneumonia epidemics d. in years of non Klebsiella epidemics, Uncinaria spp. was the main cause of death in early January e. number of pups dying for trauma was not affected during the epidemics of Klebsiella pneumoniae |
a. in years of no Klebsiella epidemics, starvation was the main cause of death until mid-January
-50% of the seasonal pup mortality occurred in the first week of January when pups were about two weeks of age -In nonepidemic years, in mid-January the most prevalent primary cause of death was hookworm infection -there was a rise in prevalence of bacterial infections and trauma in early February JWD 07 43(3):461 |
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Which of the following is correct about neonatal mortalities of New Zealand sea lions at Sandy Bay during Klebsiella pneumonia epidemics?
a. no change in overall mortalities during epidemic years b. increased mortality due to suppurative infections and trauma during epidemics c. the overall prevalence of cause of death did not change during epidemic years d. number of pups dying for trauma was not affected during the epidemics e. during epidemics, mortality was not unusually high compared to other pinniped populations |
b. increased mortality due to suppurative infections and trauma
JWD 07 43(3):461 |
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Which of the following is correct about parasites of forage fishes and pinnipeds?
a. parasites from forage fishes contribute to 30% of mortalities in pinnipeds b. most frequently encountered parasites were trematodes and protizoa c. larval nematodes and acanthocephalans were the only identified species that are directly transmitted to marine mammals d. Corynosoma spp, an acanthocephalan is the most pathogenic parasite identified e. copepods were found to be associated with chronic dermatitis of pinnipeds |
c. larval nematodes and acanthocephalans were the only identified species that are directly transmitted to marine mammals
-parasites of forage fishes are NOT likely a factor in decline of pops JWD 07 43(3):366 |
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Which of the following is correct about haptoglobins in Steller sea lions?
a. influenced by age, season, and parasitic loads b. can be accurately measured from blubber biopsies c. moderate response during capture and initial acclimatization to captivity d. sever response to minor blunt trauma e. increases observed in conjunction with increased hematocrit and RBC counts |
c. moderate response during capture and initial acclimatization to captivity; 3.2 fold increase during the first 4 wks of captivity but back to normal by wk 5
-Increased by: inflammation, infection, trauma, leukocytosis, and hyperglobulinemia -Decreased by high Hct, and RBC's -not influenced by age, season, or parasite load -no correlation between Hp levels and platelet count or hemoglobin JWD 07 43(2):258 |
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Which of the following is correct about the decline of the Steller sea lion in Alaska?
a. there is high prevalence of Chlamydophila psittaci associated with epidemic mortalities b. exposure to L. interrogans was the highest amongst all bacteria tested c. increased exposure to infectious agents did not correlate with mortality events d. identified the same Phocid herpes virus that infects phocids e. Brucella spp was associated with massive abortion events |
c. increased exposure to infectious agents did not correlate with mortality events
--*Inc. exposure to PhHV, calicivirus, CADV, C. psittaci but these do not contribute to pop decline -no convincing evidence of significant exposure of Steller sea lions to morbilliviruses, Brucella spp., canine parvovirus, or L. interrogans -Because PhHV-1 is a virus of phocid seals, Steller sea lions are more likely infected with a closely related virus, because most alpha herpesviruses tend to be species specific JWD 05 41(3):512 |
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Which of the following is correct about hookworm enteritis and bacteremia complex in California sea lion pups?
a. increased mortality in spring and early fall b. emaciation secondary to the hookworm infection was the most common cause of death c. fecal oral transmission is proposed as the primary infection route d. most common lesion was multifocal red foci on the serosa of the mid small intestine e. hookworms can be found attached to the serosa of the stomach and proximal intestines |
d. most common lesion was multifocal red foci on the serosa of the mid small intestine
-hookworm infection and multiple systemic organ infections including peritonitis, polyarthritis, pleuritis, multifocal hepatitis, and hematogenous pneumonia -substantial increase in pup mortality in late summer and fall -emaciation was the 2nd most important cause of death -Hookworms were found deep within the submucosa and muscular layers of the small intestine -prevalence of hookworms in dead pups in this study was 100%,and prevalence was high in live pups in this population in summer 2000 -the greater the number of pups, the greater the number of eggs passed in the feces, resulting in large numbers of infective third-stage larvae in the sandy substrate. Consequently, juveniles and adults have higher body burdens of parasitic third-stage larvae in the ventral abdominal blubber, which are passed in increasing numbers to pups through the milk of females JWD 07 43(2):179 |
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Which of the following is correct concerning acute lead toxicosis in marine mammals?
a. blubber is the best sample for detection of high lead levels b. higher accumulation in older females c. anemia is a chronic manifestation with basophilic stippling being rare d. gastrointestinal signs are the most commonly observed e. lead disrupts calcium dependent pathways which can lead to clinical effects of various organs |
e. lead disrupts calcium dependent pathways which can lead to clinical effects of various organs
-- In marine mammal species, concentrations of lead in bone, liver, and kidney are higher than in skeletal muscle, blubber, and other soft tissues -consistent trend in tissue concentrations with age or sex has not been established. -blood greater than 0.3 ppm is diagnostic of lead poisoning and associated with clinical signs of poisoning -Anemia is a consistent, early manifestation of acute and chronic lead toxicosis, and ultimately, but perhaps not initially, is characterized by basophilic stippling, microcytosis, hypochromasia, and reticulocytosis JWD 06 42(3):651 |
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Which of the following diseases has the highest seroprevalence in harbor seals from Alaska?
a. phocid herpes virus 1 b. phocid herpes virus 2 c. Brucella sp. d. Lepstospira spp. e. phocid distemper virus |
a. phocid herpes virus 1
-Brucella had the 2nd highest prevalence -1% for PDv -0% for PhHV-2 JWD 06 42(2):290 |
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Which of the following is correct about a case of pancreatic fibrosis and diabetes mellitus in a California sea lion?
a. transient bilirubinemia and GGT elevation during episodes of gastrointestinal disease b. glucosuria was not reported despite hyperglycemia c. hyperglycemia and increased cholesterol were the only biochemical abnormalities d. therapy was unsuccessful and the animal was euthanized shortly after diagnosis e. a low protein, low fat diet is best suited for managing this disease |
a. transient bilirubinemia and GGT elevation during episodes of gastrointestinal disease
-Chronic hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hyperglycemia, and glucosuria were identified -Tx: glargine insulin q24, GI protectants, high prot, low fat diet -died from ketoacidosis after 1.5 yrs of therapy; had pancreatic fibrosis -gallbladder distension without cholecystitis JAVMA 08 232(11):1707 |
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Which of the following is correct about capture and sample handling when working with free-range botlenose dolphins?
a. a longer time to bleed led to higher sodium levels b. in general, longer time to bleed increased values while longer time to run decreased values c. a significant decrease in blood pH was observed with a longer time to bleed d. sodium and chloride were most affected by the time to run versus time to bleed e. reliable blood gas values were obtained up to 45 minutes after sampling |
b. in general, longer time to bleed increased values while longer time to run decreased values
Neither TTB nor TTR significantly affected sodium or chloride concentration -Potassium concentration was not significantly affected by TTR, whereas the effect of TTB was significant -Glucose, total CO2, HCO3, Hct, and base excess of extracellular fluid values were significantly affected by TTR -Increased TTB resulted in significantly increased total CO2, HCO3, and base excess when TTR was kept within 10 minutes -Electrolytes were not appreciably affected by TTB or TTR -Tco2, HCO3, and BEecf increased significantly during handling, (ie, between the initial blood sample and the subsequent sample obtained just prior to release), which may be a direct physiologic response to decreased CO2 displacement during respiration over time -It is surprising that blood pH was not appreciably altered during TTB,may represent a higher than expected buffering capacity in dolphins that stabilizes blood pH during periods of extended breath holding -failure to process samples in ≤ 10 minutes for pH and Pco2 analysis and 30 minutes for all other variables can effectively mask changes in blood gas values JAVMA 06 229(12):1955 |
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Which of the following is correct about lobomycosis?
a. diagnosed by tissue staining with sudan black b. affected dolphins tend to have low ALP and high acute phase proteins c. more prevalent in northern portion of the Indian River lagoon in Florida d. disease limited to Tursiops truncatus e. site predilection for lesions is ventral body and flippers |
b. affected dolphins tend to have low ALP and high acute phase proteins
-more common in southern Indian River lagoon -Dx H&E and Gomori methenamine silver stains (GMS) -identified in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) and a marine-riverine species of dolphin (Sotalia fluviatilis) -multiple, firm, raised white nodules and plaques on the leading edges of the dorsal and pectoral fins, the head, the fluke, and the caudal peduncle JAVMA 06 228(1):104 |
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Which of the following is correct about vitreous humor analysis in manatees?
a. potassium levels were the most accurate at estimating time of death b. total protein and ALT decreased with advanced stages of autolysis c. urea nitrogen and creatinine increase quickly only at advanced stages of autolysis d. TCO2 increased with moderate but not advanced autolysis e. uric acid levels may be used to diagnose antemortem renal disease |
c. urea nitrogen and creatinine increase quickly only at advanced stages of autolysis
-Glucose, creatinine, and urea nitrogen concentrations in vitreous humor appear to have promise for determination of the relevance of postmortem lesions consistent with diabetes mellitus and renal failure -Urea nitrogen and creatinine concentrations in vitreous humor could be used in conjunction with potassium concentration in vitreous humor to establish the degree of carcass autolysis at the time of postmortem examination JAVMA 05 226(1):88 |
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Which of the following is correct about the use of end tidal partial pressure of carbon dioxide to predict arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide in harp seals under isoflurane anesthesia?
a. when ventilatory rate was ≥ 5, ETCO2 underestimated PaCO2 b. when ventilatory rate was ≥ 5, ETCO2 overestimated PaCO2 c. when ventilatory rate was ≤ 5, ETCO2 underestimated PaCO2 d. when ventilatory rate was ≤ 5, ETCO2 overestimated PaCO2 e. ETCO2 was an accurate estimator of PaCO2 at any ventilatory rate |
c. when ventilatory rate was ≤ 5, ETCO2 underestimated PaCO2
AJVR 06 67(7):1131 |
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Which of the following is most accurate about sucrose permeability test in bottlenose dolphins?
a. an elevation in urine but not plasma sucrose may be observed in cases of duodenal ulcers b. urine sucrose but not plasma sucrose will be elevated in cases of gastric ulcers c. both plasma and urine sucrose will be elevated in cases of duodenal ulcers d. plasma sucrose will be elevated in cases of gastric ulcers e. both plasma and urine sucrose will be elevated in cases of gastric and duodenal ulcers |
d. plasma sucrose will be elevated in cases of gastric ulcers
-sucrase rapidly degrades sucrose that enters the small intestine, sucrose serves as an excellent marker for evaluating integrity of the gastric mucosa but not for evaluating permeability of the small intestine and more distal regions of the GIT AJVR 06 67(6):931 |
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Which of the following is accurate about the relationship of plasma iron and gastric pH?
a. no realtionship between gastric pH and plasma iron b. positive relationship between gastric pH and plasma iron c. negative relationship between gastric pH and plasma iron d. a negative relationship was only observed in the morning e. a positive relationship was only observed in the afternoon |
c. negative relationship between gastric pH and plasma iron
AJVR 08 69(7):900 |
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Which of the following is correct about Sarcocystis neurona in pinnipeds?
a. primarily affects the optic lobe of the brain b. transmission is through ingestion of water run-off contaminated with domestic cat feces c. is usually non-pathogenic in harbor seals d. the most consistent clinical sign is anorexia e. diagnosis based on clinical signs, antibody presence in serum and CSF, and response to treatment |
e. diagnosis based on clinical signs, antibody presence in serum and CSF, and response to treatment
-From 1980 to 1998, S. neurona was reported to be the most common cause of death in adult harbor seals. -The life cycle and pathogenesis is unknown in marine mammals -The most prominent clinical sign in this seal were tremors consistent with significant cerebellar disease.The cerebellum was most severely affected in all harbor seal cases, which is not usually the case in other species -there has been speculation that a paratenic or a definitive host (in addition to the opossum) may exist because of the low sporocyst count in opossum feces and the low probability of exposure to opossum feces JZWM 08 39(2):228 |
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Which of the following is accurate about the somatotropic axis in harbor seals?
a. growth hormone was higher in free range versus captive b. insulin-like growth factor was higher in captive versus free-range c. both growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor were higher in free-range versus captive d. both growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor were within similar ranges in free-range and captive e. growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor were lower in free-range versus captive |
d. both growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor were within similar ranges in free-range and captive
JZWM 08 39(3):342 |
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Which of the following is true about bacterial isolates from stranded harbor seal pups and weanlings?
a. marbofoxacin was the only antibiotic with 100% effectiveness against all isolates b. gram negative isolates were more susceptible to ampiccilin c. gram positive isolates were resistant to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid d. the most common isolate was beta hemolytic streptococcus e. the resistance amongst the most common isolates was less than 50% |
a. marbofoxacin was the only antibiotic with 100% effectiveness against all isolates
-Culture from wounds, umbilici, ears, conjunctiva, nares, oral lesions, and feces -All G+ S to clavamox -Most G- S to amikacin and gentamycin, low S to ampicillin -gentamycin, enro, and TMS effective against mixed flora --E. coli was the most common isolate made from the external ear and nares -E. coli demonstrated susceptibility to aminoglycocides and fluoroquinolones throughout the study period and demonstrated frequent resistance to the penicillins, sulphonamides, and cephalosporins. -Gentamicin and enrofloxacin were 100% effective in treating E. coli infections JZWM 06 37(3):281 |
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Which of the following was an unusual finding in a harbor seal infected with EEE?
a. no significant gross lesions b. both gray and white matter were affected c. detection of EEE in the adrenal gland d. the strain was a typical North America strain e. failure to respond to anticonvulsant therapy |
b. both gray and white matter were affected
-in horses lesions are restricted to the gray matter JZWM 08 39(4):631 |
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Which of the following is correct about mycoplasmosis in pinnipeds?
a. Mycoplasma pneumonia is the most common isolate b. are not zoonotic species c. conspecific bites is postulated as the primary mode of transmission d. mortality is rare but septicemia is common e. it can be isolated from the skin but not the oral cavity |
c. conspecific bites is postulated as the primary mode of transmission
-M. phocicerebrale, phocae, and phocirhinis are the phocid isolates - all Mycoplasma spp suspected to be zoonotic -found in oral cavity of subclinical animals JWD 06 42(1):40 |
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Which of the following is true about Mycoplasma zalophi?
a. infects all pinnipeds b. does not cause deaths in California sea lions c. causes no inflammatory response d. sub dermal abscesses carry a poor prognosis e. causes fatal pneumonia and polyarthritis |
e. causes fatal pneumonia and polyarthritis rehab animals
-M. zalophus is novel spp and 1st isolate from otariids -leukocytosis and left shift in 12 animals -abscesses respond to lancing and doxy and erythromycin JWD 06 42(1):40 |
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Which of the following is true about Otostrongylus circumlitus?
a. live in the right ventricle and pulmonary arteries in otariids b. usually confined to bronchi and bronchioles causing bronchopneumonia in elephant seals c. direct life cycle via close contact during breeding season d. usually affects older male phocids in the summer e. presents with no other clinical abnormalities besides signs of pneumonia |
a. live in the right ventricle and pulmonary arteries in otariids and elephant seals
-O. circumlitus is primary parasite of phocids but recently found in California sea lion -in phocids it lives in bronchi and bronchioles resulting in bronchitis, bronchopneumonia, and obstructive bronchiolitis -common cause of verminous pneumonia especialy in phocids <1yr old and now otarids; indirect cycle w/ fish host; American plaice had infective larvae experimentally -Inc. glu, prot, albumin, bilirubin, Dec BUN, leukocytosis JWD 05 41(3):593 |
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Whihc of the follwoing is considered an aberrant location for Zalophotrema hepaticum?
a. liver b. gall bladder c. brain d. pancreas c. |
c. brain
-aberrant infection in 2 Zalophus californianus w/ dz in cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem w/ many eggs found in the brain JWD 04 40(4):816 |
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Which of the following protocols would be more appropriate for sedation of a California sea lion undergoing EEG?
a.medetomidine and ketamine b. medetomidine alone c. medetomidine and butoprhanol c. midazolam and ketamine d. midazolam and xylazine e. butorphanol alone |
b. medetomidine alone
JZWM 08 39(4):542 |
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Which of the following is true about the use of medetomidine and butorphanol in Zalophus californianus with neurologic signs?
a. in neurologic animals, heart rates were lower but within reference when using medetomidine and butorphanol b. medetomidine only let to prolonged recoveries in both neurologic and normal animals c. butorphanol only group had deep sedation with apnea in the neurologic animals d. medetomidine- butorphanol combination provided adequate sedation for both groups in the study e. medetomidine alone was associated with more side effects in the normal group |
a. heart rates were lower but within reference when using medetomidine and butorphanol
-In the sea lions with neurologic signs, the recovery time from medetomidine–butorphanol sedation was prolonged and minimum recorded heart rates, although remaining within normal physiologic limits, were lower when compared to the sea lions administered medetomidine alone -Only medetomidine–butorphanol provided adequate sedation in the normal animals indicating that the enhanced sedation effect of the medetomidine was related to the neurologic dysfunction JZWM 08 39(4):542 |
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Which of the following is true about Otostrongylus circumlitus?
a. live in the right ventricle and pulmonary arteries in otariids b. usually confined to bronchi and bronchioles causing bronchopneumonia in elephant seals c. direct life cycle via close contact during breeding season d. usually affects older male phocids in the summer e. presents with no other clinical abnormalities besides signs of pneumonia |
a. live in the right ventricle and pulmonary arteries in otariids and elephant seals
-O. circumlitus is primary parasite of phocids but recently found in California sea lion -in phocids it lives in bronchi and bronchioles resulting in bronchitis, bronchopneumonia, and obstructive bronchiolitis -common cause of verminous pneumonia especialy in phocids <1yr old and now otarids; indirect cycle w/ fish host; American plaice had infective larvae experimentally -Inc. glu, prot, albumin, bilirubin, Dec BUN, leukocytosis JWD 05 41(3):593 |
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Whihc of the follwoing is considered an aberrant location for Zalophotrema hepaticum?
a. liver b. gall bladder c. brain d. pancreas |
c. brain
-aberrant infection in 2 Zalophus californianus w/ dz in cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem w/ many eggs found in the brain JWD 04 40(4):816 |
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Which of the following best describes infection with Otostrongylus circumlitus in Norther elephant seals?
a. cause bronchitis an pulmonary arteritis b. majority of deaths occur between June and December c. immunoblotting for 28kDa protein was specific for diagnosis d. diagnosis is most commonly performed by identification of larvae on feces e.animals 2-9 months old are better adapted than those older than 1yr |
c. immunoblotting for 28kDa protein was specific for diagnosis
-N. El. Seals: less adapted to infection, pulmonary arteritis and DIC, mortalities early on during pre-patent period so fecals are not useful -Deaths took place much earlier in NES, occurring from April to August during the prepatent period, compared with June to December during the patent period for PHS JWD 04 40(3):466 |
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Which of the following is a feature of Otostrongylus circumlitus in harbor seals and not northern elephant seals?
a. severity of the disease is not proportional to infection b. peak in deaths in April and August c. mortalities occur during the pre-patent period d. serum contained antibodies against the excretory-secretory glands of O. circumlitus e. harbor seals are better adapted and suffer bronchitis and pulmonary arteritis |
e. harbor seals are better adapted and suffer bronchitis and pulmonary arteritis
-The serum of seals infected with O. circumlitus contained antibodies that bound to all nematode tissues examined -immunoblotting for the 28 kDa protein could be useful for diagnosis of this parasite in juvenile NES JWD 04 40(3):466 |
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Which of the following was identified in a weanling northern elephant seal with a persistent right aortic arch and cribifrom plate aplasia?
a. esophageal obstruction and constriction b. presented in good body condition c. cerebral ventricular enlargement d. morbillivirus infection e. depletion of GGT, ALP, and LDH |
a. esophageal obstruction and constriction
JWD 08 44(2):499 |
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Which of the following is true about Toxoplasma gondii?
a. felids and canids are definitive hosts b. trans-placental antibodies are unlikely in pinnipeds c. oocysts have been identified from marine mammals d.no horizontal infection reported e. vertical transmission has not been reported in mammals |
b. trans-placental antibodies are unlikely in pinnipeds - b/c endotheliochorial placentation
-felids are only definitive host -oocyst only from DH, only asexual stages (tachyzoites or bradyzoites) from marine mammals -maternal antibodies detected in seals from Canada -vertical trans in felids, also horizontal JWD 04 40(2):294 |
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Whihc of the following would be the most liver specific in Zalophus californianus?
a. alkaline phosphatase b. alanine aminotransferase c. sorbitol dehydrogenase d. lactate dehydrogenase e. aspartate aminotransferase |
c. sorbitol dehydrogenase SDH
-SDH: liver and kidney -ALT: liver and muscle -CK; skeletal and cardiac muscle JZWM 08 39(1):1 |
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What sample is best suited to measure elevations in enzyme activity associated with renal damage?
a. serum b. plasma c. whole blood d. urine e. saliva |
d. urine
-increases in serum enzyme activity have not been documented secondary to renal damage; rather, enzymes are lost into the urine, where they may be measured to assess renal injury JZWM 08 39(1):1 |
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Which of the following enzymes were identified in renal tissue of pinnipeds?
a. GGT and ALP b. ALT and GGT c. SDH and AST d. LDH and AST e. ALT and ALP |
b. ALT and GGT
-SDH in liver and kidney but more specific for liver -GGT in kidneys -ALT in kidneys of N elephant seals, also in liver of all spp and cardiac m. of CA sea lions and sk. m of harbor seals JZWM 08 39(1):1 |
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Which of the following is accurate about ultrasound imaging of blubber thickness in pinnipeds?
a. had poor accuracy in phocids b. had poor accuracy in otariids c. good accuracy in both otariids and phocids d. was only accurate in overwintering animals e. was only accurate in pups and juveniles |
c. good accuracy in both otariids and phocids
JZWM 04 35(1):116 |
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Whihc of the follwoing best decsribes the blubber of otariids as observed with ultrasound?
a. mottled appearance through out the layer b. striated appearance through out the layer c. uniform appearance through out the layer d. striated in the middle with an uniform layer on top and bottom e. uniform in the middle with as striated layer on top an bottom |
b. striated appearance through out the layer
otariids - striated phocids - uniform JZWM 04 35(1):116 |
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Which of the following is correct about vertebral osteophytosis in skeletons of white-beaked dolphins stranded in Denmark?
a. spndylosis deformans was the most common lesion b. males were more susceptible than females c. lesions worsened with age d. the cervical vertebra were most affected e. less than 50% of all dolphins had vertebral lesions |
a. spndylosis deformans was the most common lesion
-females more suceptible -lumbar and caudal vertebrae more affected -no severe lesions in the oldest animals suggests premature deaths -50% had lesions JWD 09 45(1): 19 |
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In a managed dolphin population with suspected iron overload,positive correlations were identified between elevations in ALT and AST and which of the following?
a. platelet counts b. BUN c. SDH d. glucose e. albumin |
d. glucose
High AST & ALT correlated with high: Globulins, Bilirubin GGT, Glucose TG, Cholesterol Fe, sed rates Negative correlation with platelets JWD 08 44(2):318 |
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Chronic elevations of aminotransferases in captive dolphins have been associated with what disease?
a. hypovitaminosis C b. thiamine deficiency c. iron overload d. gastric ulcers e. Lobomycosis |
c. iron overload (Inc AST & ALT)
JWD 08 44(2):318 |
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Which of the following associations was identified between trace elements measured from red blood cells and liver enzymes measured in serum of bottlenose dolphins?
a. high iron levels were predictors of high ALT b. high copper levels were predictors for low GGT and LDH c.high zinc levels were predictor for high GGT and LDH d. high copper to zinc ratio predictor for high GGT, LDH, and ALT e. low zinc levels predictor for high ALT |
d. high copper to zinc ratio predictor for high GGT, LDH, and ALT
Analysis fron RBC's High Cu ~ high GGT & LDH; 10-20yrs Low Zinc~ high GGT & LDH, low ALT Cu:Zn~ high GGT, LDH, & ALT Fe~predictor of GGT, LDH, ALT; low blood cell iron = high serum ALT JWD 08 44(2):304 |
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Which of the following is true about isolation of Streptococcus agalactiae and Lactococcus garvieae from wild bottle nose dolphins?
a. these isolates are associated with poor reproductive success in captivity b. S. agalactiae isolated from kidney and muscle tissues c. L. garvieae isolated from skin and milk d. S. agalactiae caused 90% mortality in experimentally infected tilapia e. L. garvieae but not S. agalactiae was associated with disease |
d. S. agalactiae caused 90% mortality in experimentally infected tilapia
-dolphin muscle isolate was S. agalactiae -dolphin kidney isolate was L. garvieae --No definitive link between the bacterial isolations and the death of the dolphin was established here JWD 06 42(3):561 |
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Which of the following is true about Candida isolated from dolphins in the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic?
a.more commonly found in North Carolina b. C. albicans most common in Texas c. C. tropicalis was the most common overall d. least commonly found in Florida e. C. famata is highly pathogenc |
c. C. tropicalis was the most common overall
-No yeast from NC! -Texas: C. tropicalis, glabrata, famata -Florida: highest proorion, only place to isolate C. albicans -C. albicans and glabrata considered to be more associated with disease -Overall C. tropicalis > albicans > famata > lusitaniae > gulliermondii > glabrata JWD 06 42(3):536 |
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Which of the following Candida species was only isolated from dolphins in Florida?
a. C. albicans b. C. tropicalis c. C. glabrata d. C. famata e. C. gulliermondii |
a. C. albicans
JWD 06 42(3):536 |
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Which of the following is true about bacteria isolated from anal and blowhole samples from dolphins in the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic?
a. Klebsiella pneumoniae was the most common isolate from blowhole b. higher frequency of isolation of Vibrio spp from Florida c. Pasteurella multocida should be considered non-pathogenic d. E coli was the most common isolate from the feces e. Staphylococcus aureus was the most common isolate overall |
b. higher frequency of isolation of Vibrio spp from Florida
-Florida had the highest isolated for Vibrio and Candida -Vibrio alginolyticus and V. damselae were the most common but more frequent in Florida vs TX and NC -TX: E. tarda most common, E. coli least common -frequently associated with disease and should be treated immediately: Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus (especially coagulase positive strains), Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, Pasteurella multocida, Candida albicans/glabrata, and beta-hemolytic enterococci/streptococci JWD 06 42(3):536 |
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Which of the following is true about the dolphins inhabiting the Indian River Lagoon in Florida?
a. non-pregnant females had higher total iron binding capacity than pregnant females b. juveniles had higher segmented neutrophil counts than adults c. spun hematocrit was equal between sexes d. males had lower lipase activity than females e. females had higher incidence of gastritis and serum iron levels |
a. non-pregnant females had higher total iron binding capacity than pregnant females
-females > males: spun Hct, PSAT Fe Na, BUN, BUN:creat, CPK, Chol, TG -males > females: lipase activity -juvies > adults: PSAT, Fe, lipase BUN, BUN:creat, CPK, TG, MCH -adults > juvies: seg neutrophils -Hct no different by analyzer -gastritis common in males >8yrs but still low prevalence -no path in fecals or blowhole cytology JWD 06 42(2):447 |
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Which of the following clinicopathologic findings is most accurate for healthy Atlantic bottlenose dolphins managed in open ocean waters?
a. total protein, globulins, tryglicerides, creatinine, and GGT decrease with age b. hematocrit, platelet counts, ALP, and CK increase with age c. no difference observed for any values between age or sexes d. males had higher creatinine, glucose, and total protein e. females had higher eosinophil counts with normal mean white blood cells |
d. males had higher creatinine, glucose, and total protein
-males > females: high creat, glu, TP, -females > males: mean WBC & lymphocytes -Inc w/ age: TP, glob, TG, creat, GGT -Dec w/ age: Hct, platelets, ALP, CK JAVMA 07 231(4):596 |
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Whichy of the follwing organisms was isolated from an abscess between the blubber and musculature in a dead striped dolphin?
a. beta hemolytic Streptococcus b. Erysypelothrix rhusiopathiae c. Clostridium tertium d. Pasteurella multocida e. Brucella bovis |
c. Clostridium tertium
JWD 06 42(3):709 |
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Which of the follwoing findings is true about the care of Amazon and Orinoco river dolphins in captivity?
a. deeper pool depth was associated with longer lifespan b. verminous pneumonia was commonly cause by the trematode Hunterotrema caballeroi c. most animals were in good body condition at time of death d. hemochromatosis was the most common liver pathology e. solitary housing is a significant stressor, especially to males |
b. verminous pneumonia was commonly cause by the trematode Hunterotrema caballeroi
-Cachexia, from a variety of causes, was a major gross finding -Hepatitis and cholangitis were the most common hepatic pathologies noted -There is no distinct correlation between longevity and pool depth. -I. geoffrensis in nature are sighted under solitary conditions and that males in captivity can be quite aggressive toward each other. -Verminous pneumonia and skin dz are the most comon dz's observed Key to survival in captivity: 1. Anthelmintic (1o trematodes) and antibiotics post capture 2. Large enclosure w/ compatible groups 3. good water quality 4. preventive medicine, quarantine, and maintenenace of health programs JZWM 07 38(2):177 |
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Which of the following organisms has been associated with "golf ball disease" in captive Amazon and Orinoco river dolphins?
a. Brucella sp. b. Erysypelothrix rhusiopathiae c. Clostridium tertium d. Pasteurella multocida e. Streptococcus iniae |
e. Streptococcus iniae
JZWM 07 38(2):177 |
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What imaging modality was succesfuly used for the diagnosis of Crassicauda grampicola in a Risso's dolphin?
a. ultrasound of the liver b. radiographs of lungs c. computed tomography of the skull d. MRI of the heart e. bone scan of the spine |
c. computed tomography of the skull
Crassicauda campicola is a nematode of the tympanic bullae and pterygoid sinuses in dolphins. -infections induce inflammation, ultimately producing sinusitis, necrotic osteitis, and potential degeneration of nearby cranial nerves. JZWM 04 35(3):391 |
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Which of the following findings is true about thyroid pathology of harbor porpoises?
a. higher copper levels but not cadmium were associated with thyroid fibrosis b. endocrine disruption is most likely involved in the inter-follicular fibrosis c. winter stranded porpoises had a lower proportion of connective tissue in the thyroid versus summer stranded d. Icelandic porpoises had a higher proportion of connective tissue versus Belgian and UK animals e. quiescent glands were found to have a higher proportion of cuboidal cells versus active glands |
b. endocrine disruption is most likely involved in the inter-follicular fibrosis
-small cetaceans must stay active for maintenenace of body temp.; -endocrine disruptors: 1. Mimick hormones setting of similar chemical reactions, 2. Block receptors in cells receiving the hormones, 3. Alter synth., transport, metabolism, and excretion of hormones -follicular tissue occupied around 70% of the thyroid surface on section, the vascular tissue 20%, and the connective tissue 10%. -winter-stranded porpoises having a higher proportion of connective tissue in the thyroid. -connective tissue: Germany and Norway > Belgian and UK > Iceland -Thyroid glands dominated by small follicles lined by cuboidal or columnar cells can be classified as highly active, whereas low active glands show large follicles lined by low or flattened epithelial cells -hepatic Cd, Se, and Cu concentrations were negatively correlated with the proportion of connective tissue, thus failing to support the hypothesis that these metals may influence histologic changes in porpoise thyroid in a dose-dependent manner. JWD 08 44(4):888 |
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Which of the following is true about Bartonella henselae in beluga whales?
a. higher prevalence in free range versus captive animals b. evidence suggest belugas may sustain a chronic, low-grade, sub clinical infection like in cats c. Bartonella is uniformly fatal but mortality is higher in juveniles d. there are different strains in captive and free range suggesting separate exposure e. PCR yielded a high number of false positives because of a high organism load that led to contamination |
b. evidence suggest belugas may sustain a chronic, low-grade, sub clinical infection like in cats
-fastidious intravascular bacteria trans. By arthropods, animal scratches, and blood transfusions -oroginal case in 3yr old with acute anemia and death,had multisystemic dz -78% prevalence in captive and free range -2 strains identified, no diff b/n captive and free -pre-enrichment BAPGM blood culture was necessary to increase bacterial numbers to a level in which PCR detection was successful JWD08 44(4):871 |
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What was the composition of a penile urethrolith in a pygmy sperm whale?
a. uric acid b. magesium ammonium phosphate c. calcium oxalate d. calcium carbonate e. pottasium magnesium pyrophosphate |
b. magesium ammonium phosphate = struvite
JWD 04 40(3):588 |
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Which of the follwoing tissues is usually not affected by blunt trauma in whales?
a. epidermis b. dermis c. subdermis d. blubber e. muscle |
a. epidermis
JZWM 08 39(1):37 |
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Which of the following is not a category used to describe sharp trauma in whales?
a. stab wound b. rake wounds c. incised wounds d. chop wounds |
b. rake wounds
JZWM 08 39(1):37 |
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Which of the following is true about the identification of papilloma virus from free range and captive Florida manatees?
a. lesions located on the anterior part of the body, head, and rostrum b. genital lesions more commonly identified in females c. the isolated virus is genetically identical to dolphin papilloma virus d. higher prevalence identified in captive versus free range associated with increased stress e. it is suspected to be zoonotic |
a. lesions located on the anterior part of the body, head, and rostrum
JWD 05 41(2):437 |
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Which of the following is true about measurement of tissue and plasma enzymes from manatees?
a. lactate dehydrogenase has high reserves in muscle but low detection in serum b. show a marked increase in prerenal creatinine postprandially c.there is decreased aminotransferase activity d. predominant aerobic metabolism is associated with low enzymatic activity e. serum samples should be frozen before processing to stabilize enzyme degradation |
c.there is decreased aminotransferase activity
-AST and ALT not usefull in manatees -CK and LDH are useful -marked prerenal increase in creatinine during fasting (muscle catabolism) -Low AST activity may be related to predominance of white or “fast twitch” muscle in manatees. These muscles rely on anaerobic glycolysis and glycogenolysis for energy and therefore typically have decreased quantities of AST -storage of these enzymes at −70°C for 1 mo resulted in up to a 25% decrease in enzymatic activity in manatee plasma JZWM 08 39(2):180 |
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Which of the following had the best overall sensitivity and specificity for diagnostic of inflammation in manatees?
a. fibrinogen b. serum albumin to globulin ration by gel elctrophoresis c. white blood cell count d. serum amyloid A e. haptoglobins |
d. serum amyloid A and PLASMA not serum A:G by gel
-higher false positives for free range manatees JZWM 06 37(2):151 |
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Which test had the lowest sensitivity for measuring inflammation in manatees?
a. fibrinogen b. serum albumin to globulin ratio c. white blood cell count d. serum amyloid A e. haptoglobins |
b serum albumin to globulin ratio followed by WBC
- JZWM 06 37(2):151 |
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Which test had the highest specificity for measuring inflammation in manatees?
a. fibrinogen b. serum albumin to globulin ratio c. white blood cell count d. serum amyloid A e. haptoglobins |
b serum albumin to globulin ratio
JZWM 06 37(2):151 |
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Which of the following acute phase proteins decrease with inflammation?
a. complement reactive protein b. transferrin c. haptoglobin d.myoglobin e. amyloid A |
b. transferrin and albumin dec. w/ inflammation
JZWM 06 37(2):151 |
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Which of the following is accurate about ECG readings in healthy manatees compared to other marine mammals and cetaceans?
a. high amplitue of the QRS complexes b. prolonged QT intervals c. shorter PR interval d. common arrythmias e. shorter P wave duration |
b. prolonged QT intervals
-normal sinus rhythm -prolonged PR and QT intervals -prolonged P wave duration -small R wave amplitude JZWM 06 37(4):447 |
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Which of the following was used to diagnose myasthenia gravis in a polar bear?
a. MRI of the brain b. organochlorine levels in blood c. transferrin saturation d. acetylcholine receptor antibodies in blood e. clinical signs |
d. acetylcholine receptor antibodies in blood
JZWM 04 35(3):409 |
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Which of the following is true about analysis of androgens from the Amazonian manatee?
a. lacrimal secretions were the second best sample for analysis b. peaks in androgens were observed in the saliva concurrently with serum levels c. the peak in fecal androgens was longer than in other hind gut fermenters and attributed to long gastrointestinal transit times in manatees d. the peak in urine androgen levels were much faster than observed in other species and attributed to the renal anatomy of manatees e. despite measurable levels of androgens, the commercial kit used was unreliable and likely not useful for reproductive monitoring of manatees |
c. the peak in fecal androgens was longer than in other hind gut fermenters and attributed to long gastrointestinal transit times in manatees
JZWM 09 40(3):458 |
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Diagnosis of West NIle virus in a captive polar bear was obtained via RT-PCRof what tissue?
a. brain b. liver c. kidney d. spleen e. heart |
d. spleen after second passage cell culture
-also immunohistochemistry positive in the spleen only -antibody positive also JZWM 09 40(3):568 |
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Which of the following is true when comparing blood values of dependent and weanling harbor seals between time of admission and release?
a.weanlings had higher red blood cell and hematocrit counts at time of admission b.dependents had higher ALP and ALT associated with emaciation and liver disease c.dependents had worse prognosis for release because of chronic anemia d.before release both groups had similar blood values despite significant differences at admission e.weanlings were more likely to have azotemia from dehydration |
d.before release both groups had similar blood values despite significant differences at admission
JZWM09 40(3):421 |
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Which of the following is true about a case of bacterial endocarditis in a wild caught harp seal transferred to a display facility because it was non-releasable?
a.E. coli was cultured from the blood b.Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from blood and joints c.Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae was identified from brain and heart via PCR d.had no clinical signs of illness prior to death e.Staphylococcus aureus was cultured from the oral cavity but not the heart |
b.Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from blood and joints
JZWM09 40(2):393 |
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Which of the following is true about the use of a recombinant canine distemper virus vaccine in southern sea otters?
a. titers lasted at least a year and up to 3 years in some animals b. the vaccine was deemed protective after 90% of otters survived a challenge with CDV c. the most common side effect was anorexia and lethargy of 24-48 hours duration d. titers were more pronounced in males younger than 12 months old e. the titers were too low to consider the protective during a natural outbreak |
a. titers lasted at least a year and up to 3 years in some animals
-vaccine was safe with detectable titers that may provide protection for a natural infection -Neither CD nor marine mammal morbilivirus infections have been reported in sea otters JZWM09 40(4):705 |
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Which of the following is true about domoic acid toxicity in marine mammals?
a. limited to inshore species only due to the dietary preferences b. disease is characterized by 100% mortality within 12 hours of exposure c. in California sea lions, adult females are more commonly affected d. diagnosis of domoic acid is commony accomplished via testing of kidney tissues even in autolyzed animals e. adult male phocids are the more commonly affected than young or females |
c. in California sea lions, adult females are more commonly affected
JWD09 45(1):109 |
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Which of the following Pseudo nitzchia species is most commonly associated with the production of domoic acid?
a. P. n. pugens b. P. n. delicattisima c. P. n. multiseries d. P. n. australis e. P. n. mediterranei |
d. P. n. australis
JWD09 45(1):109 |
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Which of the following age/sex classes of common dolphins is more commonly affected by domoic acid?
a. adult females b. adult males c. yearling females d. less than 6 month old, both males and females e. 6-10 month old males |
b. adult males
JWD09 45(1):109 |
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Which of the following would not be a vector for domoic acid?
a. sardines b. anchovies c. clams d. krill e. herring |
e. herring eat zooplankton, vectors are all planktivorous
JWD09 45(1):109 |
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Which of the following is accurate concerning abortions and premature parturition of California sea lions from San Miguel Island?
a. domoic acid was the primary cause of reproductive disease b. Brucellosis was prevalent and encompasses 30% of the cases c. organochlorines have not been implicated with abortions of California sea lions d. bacterial infections of the amnion were most commonly caused by septicemia in the dams e. no single factor was associated with reproductive disease but rather a compilation of infectious diseases and toxins |
e. no single factor was associated with reproductive disease but rather a compilation of infectious diseases and toxins
-ascending bacterial infections from the dam's reproductive tract, domoic acid, DDT's and PCB's were all associated with abortions and premature births JWD09 45(1):91 |
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Which of the following is true about domoic acid in California sea lions?
a. more common amongst yearling females b. most common lesions are brain edema and hippocampal necrosis and/or atrophy c. peak in algal blooms between May and October d. diagnosis is best made by analysis of brain tissue e. urine but not feces can be used to measure domoic acid |
b. most common lesions are brain edema and hippocampal necrosis and/or atrophy
JWD09 45(1):91 |
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Which of the following is true about fishing gear related injuries?
a. pinniped injuries were more common in the fall b. pinnipeds with entanglement injuries were less likely to be released than those with ingestion injuries c. pinnipeds have a higher prevalence of fishing gear injuries than sea birds d. male pinnipeds are twice as likely to be injured versus females e. adults were more likely to be injured than juveniles |
d. male pinnipeds are twice as likely to be injured versus females
-pinnipeds less injury than seabirds -juvenile male pinnipeds had more injuries -summer was peak for gulls and pinnipeds -pelicans and pinnipeds do better with entanglement versus gulls do better with ingestion JWD09 45(2):355 |
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Which of the following is true about rotavirus in Galapagos sea lions and fur seals?
a. high prevalence of antibodies in both groups b. identified as group C rotavirus c. trans-placental transfer of antibodies is protective in sea lions d. presistence of rotavirus in the marine enviornment is low because of the salt content e. the primary clinical sign of infection was mucoid diarrhea |
a. high prevalence of antibodies in both groups
-no transplacental antibodies b/c endotheliochorial placentation -group A rotavirus acquired at eraly age -Rotavirus are serologically unrelated viruses -exposure during nursing in close quarters -rota virus likely persist in marine environment b/c calcium levels help stabilize outer protein layer JWD09 45(2):355 |
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Which of the following is true about causes of death in stranded bottlenose dolphins in South Carolina?
a. bacterial infections were the only infectious cause of death in adults b. the majority of deaths were associated with infectious diseases c.verminous pneumonia was the primary cause of deaths in calves d. alphaherpesvirus infection was diagnosed in 3 juveniles and two adults e. Brucellosis was implicated in the death of 10 calves |
a. bacterial infections were the only infectious cause of death in adults
-31% deaths infectious, 47% non infcetious -only 2 cases of herpes -one renal carcinoma and one adrenal fibroma both incidental -entanglements in crab-pots was significant cause of mortality -calves: fishery interactions and boat collisions -juvies: bacterial septicemia, verminous pneumonia, trauma -adults: bacterial infections JWD09 45(3):575 |
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Which of the following values was lower in free ranging norther fur seals as compared to captive California sea lions?
a.albumin b. globulin c. glucose d. amylase e. cholesterol |
b. globulin
-albumin, glucose, amylase were higher -T4 and Cholesterol were similar JWD09 45(3):843 |
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Which of the following is true about Lacaziosis in bottlenose dolphins in the Indian river lagoon?
a. occurs in the southern portion of the lagoon only b. culture requires lower incubation temperatures c. most common on the ventral skin of dolphins d. endemic in the southeastern waters of the USA e. young animals are more susceptible |
d. endemic in the southeastern waters of the USA
JWD09 45(3):849 |
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Which of the following is true about herpes virus from genital lesions in captive bootlenose dolphins?
a. gammaherpes transmitted by sexual contact b. isolate finding without any spread in the population c. systemic disease in the females with vulvar lesions d. higher prevalence in juvenile males associated with homosexual behaviors e. no evdience of seroconversion points to low prevalence |
a. gammaherpes transmitted by sexual contact
-endemic in this population |
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What was the composition of an enterloith with a sting ray spone nidus found in a bottle nose dolphin/
a. magnesium ammonium sulfate b. calcium oxalate c. calcium phosphate carbonate d. ammonium dihydrate e. uric acid |
c. calcium phosphate carbonate
-in terrestrial mammals they usu are magnesium ammonium sulfate (struvite) JWD10 46(1):136 |
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Which of the following causes nutritional panniculitis and was proposed in two free range Mediterranean dolphins?
a. hypovitaminosis C b. hypervitaminosis D c. hypovitaminosis B d. hypovitaminosis E e. zinc deficiency |
d. hypovitaminosis E
JWD10 46(1):320 |
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Which statement is true about viruses of marine mammals?
A) Morbillivirus causes vesicular lesions on the flippers of sea lions. B) Harbor seals are asymptomatic reservoirs for phocid distemper. C) Phocid herpesvirus type I causes mild respiratory disease in adults and generalized infection with mortality in pups and neonates D) Morbillivirus has never been reported in cetaceans. E) Vesicular exanthema of swine presents similar signs but is unrelated to San Miguel seal lion virus |
C) Phocid herpesvirus type I causes mild respiratory disease in adults and generalized infection with mortality in pups and neonates
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Ziiphid herpesvirus 1 causes disease in what tissue of whales?
A) Cardiac B) Hepatic C) Renal D) Genital E) Integument |
D) Genital
Blainville’s Beaked whale had genital lesions (penile papilloma), from which herpes was isolated. JWD06 vol1 |
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A Dall’s porpoise strands and dies on the eastern shore of Vancouver Island, British Colombia. What is a likely infectious disease that may have lead to death?
A) Toxoplasmosis B) Herpesvirus C) Distemper Virus D) Cryptococcus gatti E) Toxoplasma gondii |
D) Cryptococcus gatti
*C. gatti (used to be thought to be C. neoformans) is endemic on the Douglas fir biogeoclimatic zone on the eastern side of Vancouver Island. Widlife, domestic animals, and humans in this area are commonly affected. JWD06 vol1 |
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Herpesvirus in northern elephant seals in California typically have lesions located where?
A) Skin B) Oral Cavity C) Eye D) Brain E) Intestine |
B) Oral Cavity
JWD06 |
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Which of the following would be the fetal heart size of a bottle-nose dolphin at 8 months of gestation?
a. 3cm b. 4cm c. 5cm d. 6cm e. 7cm |
c. 5cm
JZWM10 41(1):35 |
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Which of the following is false about ultrasound evaluation of cetacean fetal hearts as compared to humans?
a. larger heart b. pulmonary veins observed as cross section on four chamber view c. dilatation of the right ventricle d. greatest resolution at 8 to 9 months of gestation e. fetal heart size increases with gesttaion |
c. dilatation of the right ventricle
-see hypertrophy compared to humans JZWM10 41(1):35 |
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The cranial quadrant of the inguinal region of loggerhead sea turtles allows ultrasound guided identification of which organ/structure?
a. lung b. urinary bladder c. testis d. kidney e. coxofemoral joint |
b. urinary bladder
JZWM10 41(1):69 |
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Which plane of view in the inguinal region allows better visualization of the testis and epididymis in loggerhead sea turtles via ultrasound?
a. cranial b. caudal c. medial d. lateral e. dorsal |
c. medial
JZWM10 41(1):69 |
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Which of the following is true about canine distemper virus in sea otters?
a. infections more prevalent in southern Alaska during the summer b. vaccination with commercial poxvirus vectored vaccine is safe and effective c. at least 3 injections are needed to elicit an immune response d. canine distemper antibodies have not been identified in wild populations e. vaccination is protective in captive but not wild otters |
b. vaccination with commercial poxvirus vectored vaccine is safe and effective
JZWM09 40(4):705 |
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Which of the following is not a proposed factor that may influence umbilical hernias in polar bears?
a. young age b. poor body condition c. exhibit design d. too much exercise from pacing e. weakening of abdominal muscles |
d. too much exercise from pacing
-lack of exercise is a factor JZWM 09 40(4):767 |
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Which of the following secretions is not validated for quantification of androgens in Amazonian manatees?
a. lacrimal secretion b. feces c. urine d. saliva |
a. lacrimal secretion
JZWM09 40(3):458 |
