Biology 107 Final

Front 1

34.1
Derived characters of chordates:
Notochord

Back 1

a longitudinal, flexible rod located between the digestive tube and the nerve cord.
(tail, turns into disks)

Front 2

34.1
Derived characters of chordates:
Dorsal, Hollow Nerve Cord

Back 2

central nervous system: the brain and spinal cord

Front 3

34.1
Derived characters of chordates:
Pharyngeal Slits or Clefts

Back 3

allow water entering the mouth without passing through the entire digestive tract.

Front 4

34.1
Derived characters of chordates:
Muscular, Post-Anal Mammals

Back 4

extends posterior to the anus, in many species it is reduced during embryonic development.

Front 5

34.7
Derived Characters of Mammals

Back 5

mammary glands (produce milk), hair, endothermic (maintain body heat), give birth to live young, lager brain than vertebrates of equal size, differentiated teeth

Front 6

34.8
Derived Characters of Humans

Back 6

humans stand upright, bipedal (walk on two feet), reduced jawbones and jaw muscles, shorter digestive tract, larger brain, capable of: language, symbolic thought, and the manufacturer and use of complex tools

Front 7

25
Oparin-Haldane hypothesis:

Back 7

earth early atmosphere was a reducing (electron-adding)environment, in which organic compounds could have formed from simple molecules.

Front 8

25
Results of the experiment of Miller and Urey toward an understanding of the origin of organic molecules:

Back 8

found a variety of amino acids found in organisms today, along with other organic compounds. But no produced organic molecules.

Front 9

25
Describe Cambrian explosion:

Back 9

the earliest fossils of many groups of animals. it gave rise to the hox gene, which is the adaptation to the predators and preys, developed new adaptations for predator and prey functions. atmospheric oxygen (O2), and animal replication

Front 10

25
Process of endosymbiosis that is believed to have been the inception of eukaryotic cells:

Back 10

cell living within host
mitochondrion. and plastids (chloroplasts) small prokaryotes that evolved to living within large cells

Front 11

25
Hypothesis regarding the Cretaceous mass extinction:

Back 11

Asteroid that landed in Mexico

Front 12

25.3
The colonization of land

Back 12

multicellular eukaryotes evolved from water to land

Front 13

25.4
Continental Drift:

Back 13

plates that move over time. Once Pangea, because the earth's crusts is made out of plates that move over time: one land mass formation of mountains and valleys

Front 14

25.4
Consequences of Continental Drift

Back 14

mass extinction: 50% of the earth's species became extinct. Could have been done by human explosion, asteroid. Because of the mass extinction, animals evolved from the species that were left (common ancestor)

Front 15

25.4
Worldwide Adaptive Radiations

Back 15

the ones that are nearer to each other are going to adapt to their environment they are going to be similar, worldwide climate are going to be different from the regional

Front 16

25.4
Regional Adaptive Radiations

Back 16

they are all the same but they adapt to their environment causing differences

Front 17

25.5
Changes in Spatial Pattern

Back 17

as organisms adapt to new environments homeotic genes determine the basic features of how body parts are arranged. aka the hox gene

Front 18

25.6
Evolutionary novelties

Back 18

descent with modification- natural selection can only improve

Front 19

40.1
Physical constraints on animal size and shape

Back 19

Physical laws that govern strength, diffusion, movement, and heat exchange limit the range of animal forms. as body dimensions increase, thicker skeletons are required to maintain adequate strength, the muscles required locomotion must represent an ever-larger fraction of the total body mass, at some point mobility becomes limited.

Front 20

40.1
Exchange with the environment

Back 20

occurs as substances dissolved in an aqueous medium move across the plasma membrane of each cell. rates of exchange for nutrients, waste products, and gases are proportional to membrane surface area. the amount of material that must be exchanged to sustain life is proportional to volume.

Front 21

40.1
Hierarchical Organization of Body Plan

Back 21

cells are organized into tissues, groups of cells of similar appearance and common function; different tissues are further organized into functional units called organs, groups of organs that work together provide an additional level of organization and coordination and make up an organ system.

Front 22

40.1
Coordination and Control

Back 22

an animal's tissues, organs and organ systems must act in conjunction with one another. in the nervous system, neurons transmit information between specific locations. the signaling molecules broadcast throughout the body by the endocrine system called hormones. different hormones cause distinct effects, and only cells that have receptors for a particular hormone respond. four types of cells receive nerve impulses: other neurons, muscle cells, endocrine cells, and exocrine cells.

Front 23

41.2
Main stages of food processing

Back 23

ingestion (eating), digestion (breaking food down into molecules with the addition of water. a) enzymatic hydrolysis splits bonds in molecules with the addition of water), absorption (uptake of nutrient by body cells), elimination (passage of undigested material out of the digestive compartment)

Front 24

41.2
Digestive Compartments

Back 24

most animals process food in specialized compartments (good), compartments reduce the risk of an animal digesting its own cells and tissues (bad).

Front 25

41.2
extracellular digestion

Back 25

is the breakdown of food particles outside cells. occurs in compartments that are continous with the outside of the animal's. animals with simple body plans have a gastrovascular cavity that functions in both digestion and distribution of nutrients

Front 26

41.2
intracellular digestion

Back 26

food particles are engulfed by endocytosis and digested within food vacuoles.

Front 27

41.2
digestive tube

Back 27

animals with more complex body plan: have a digestive tube with 2 openings- mouth and anus. such a tube is called a complete digestive tract/ alimentary canal