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174 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the types of tissue? |
Epithelium, connective, muscle, and nervous |
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What does epithelium tissue do? |
Covers exposed surfaces, lines internal passageways and Chambers, and forms glands. |
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What does connective tissue do? |
fills internal spaces, provides structural support for other tissues, transports material within the body, and stores energy. |
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What does muscle tissue do? |
Is specialized for contraction and include skeletal muscle, heart muscle, and muscular walls of hollow organs. |
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What does nervous tissue do? |
Cary electrical impulses (information) from one part of the body to another. |
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What is the study of tissue called? |
Histology |
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What are the two types of epithelium? |
1. Lining/covering 2. Grandular |
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What are the general functions of epithelium? |
Protection, secretion, absorption, provide sensation |
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How does epithelial cells protect? |
By protecting exposed and internal surfaces from abrasion, dehydration, and destruction by chemical or biological agents. |
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How can epithelial cells absorb? |
Their membranes are relatively permeable via membrane protein channels. |
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Why are epithelial cells sensitive? |
They have a large sensory nerve Supply. |
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What are epithelial cells that produce a secretion called? |
Gland cells. |
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What are the characteristics of epithelial tissue? |
Polarity, cellularity, attachment, a vascularity, and regeneration. |
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What does polarity mean for epithelial tissue? |
There's a structural difference from the (apical) and the base (basal) surface. |
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What does cellularity mean for epithelial tissue? |
Cells are bound closely together and interconnect with cell Junctions. |
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What does attachment mean for epithelial tissue? |
The base of epithelium is bound to a thin, non-cellular basement membrane which adheres to the basal surface and to the underlying tissue. |
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What does avascular mean for epithelial tissue? |
No blood vessels are in epithelial tissue. |
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What does regeneration mean for epithelial tissue? |
High replacement through stem cell division. |
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What does CAMs stand for? |
Cell adhesion molecules. |
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What do CAMs do? |
Connect opposing plasma membranes by interconnecting with transmembrane proteins. |
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Where would you find CAMs? |
On the basolateral surface of an epithelium cell which helps bind the cell to the underlining basement membrane. |
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What are the three functions of cell Junctions? |
1. Fluid Tight Seal 2. Anchors cells together 3. Act as channels |
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What are the four types of cell Junctions? |
1. Gap Junctions 2. Tight junctions 3. Spot desmosomes 4. Hemidesomoses |
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What is a gap Junction? |
When two cells are held together by to embedded interlocking transmembrane proteins called comexons. |
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Where are Gap Junctions common? |
among the epithelial cells where movement of ions help coordinate function. For example, movement of cilia and beating of heart. |
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What are tight junctions? |
The lipid portion of two plasma membranes are tightly bound together by interlocking membrane proteins. |
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Where would you find tight junctions? |
Encircling the apical regions of the epithelial cells. |
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What is a tight junctions purpose? |
Prevents diffusion of fluids and solutes between cells. |
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What is a lumen? |
It is the area that is lined with epithelial cells the inner part is called a lumen. |
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What is a spot desmosomes? |
Are small discs connected to bands of intermediate filaments. |
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What do spot desmosomes do for cells? |
Stabilizes the shape of the cell. |
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What is a Hemidesmosomes? |
It resembles half of a spot desomoses, except it adheres to the basement membrane. |
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What do you Hemidesmosomes do for the cells? |
Helps stabilize the position of the cell |
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What are the two parts of the basement membrane that epithelium cells are attached to? |
Basal lamina and reticular lamina. |
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What does the basal lamina consist of? |
Is an amorphous, lll organized layer |
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What does the basal lamina function as? |
Selective filter |
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What is basal lamina secreted by? |
Adjacent layers of epithelial cells |
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What do basal lamina restrict? |
Proteins and large molecules from underlying connective tissue into the epithelial cells. |
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What does the reticular lamina consist of? |
Reticular fibers |
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What is the basal lamina function? |
Gives the basement membrane its strength. |
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What does the basement membrane consists of? |
Proteins and glycoproteins. |
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What does the basement membrane function as? |
A barrier |
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How are epithelial cells classified? |
Cell shape and number of cells |
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What is a simple epithelial cell? |
Single layer of epithelium cells. |
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What is a stratified epithelial cell? |
Several layers of epithelium cells |
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What is a squamous epithelium? |
Thin flat and irregular shaped cell |
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What is mesothelium? |
The simple squamous epithelium that lines the body cavities enclosing the lungs, heart, and abdominal organs. |
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What is endothelium? |
The simple squamous epithelium that lines the inner surfaces of the heart and blood vessels. |
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Where is stratified squamous epithelium located? |
Where mechanical stress is severe like the lining of the mouth, esophagus, and anus. |
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What is the difference between keratinized and nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium? |
Keratinized epithelial cells are packed with filaments of proteins called keratin they are in areas where mechanical and dehydration are potential problems. Nonkeratinized resist abrasion but will dry out unless kept moist. |
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What do cuboidal epithelium look like? |
Hexagonal boxes with nuclei in the center. |
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What do columnar epithelium look like? |
Rectangular with nuclei at the bottom of the cell. |
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What do transitional epithelium look like? |
They change shape from cuboidal to squamous and are typically stratified. |
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Where is Transitional epithelium located? |
Anywhere stretching is required, for example, the bladder. |
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What does pseudostatified ciliated columnar epithelium look like? |
A columnar epithelium that includes several types of cells with varying shapes and functions usually ciliated. |
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What is glandular epithelium? |
Epithelial cells that fold in on each other creating glands that produce secretions. |
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What are glands? |
Usually more than one cell and specialized to produce secretions. |
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What are the two types of glands? |
Endocrine and exocrine. |
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Where do endocrine secrete their product? |
Into the bloodstream |
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Where do exocrine secrete their product |
On to the surfaces |
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How is granular epithelium categorized? |
Modes of secretion-how they secrete Types of secretion-what they secrete Structure of gland-multi/singular cell |
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What are the three types of methods of secretion? |
Merrocrine, apocrine, and holocrine |
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How do merocrine glands secrete? |
Exocytosis without the loss of cytoplasm. |
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How do apocrine glands secrete? |
Apical portion of cell is pinched off |
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How do holocrine glands secrete? |
Entire cell is sloughfed off |
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What are the three types of gland secretions? |
Serous, mucous, and mixed |
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What is serous fluid? |
Watery Solutions containing enzymes |
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What is mucous? |
Mucin and water equals mucus |
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What is mixed? |
Mucous and serous secretion |
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What are the two structures of glands? |
Unicellular and multicellular |
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A unicellular gland is? |
Goblet cells |
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Goblet cells secrete? |
Mucus |
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Goblet cells are located in? |
The lining of respiratory and digestive tracts |
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Multicellular glands are? |
Sweat glands and pancreas |
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Glands in general are? |
Innervated, vascular, supported by connective tissue. |
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Connective tissue is? |
A diverse group of supporting tissue. |
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What does all connective tissue share? |
1. Specialized cells 2. Extracellular protein fibers 3. A fluid known as ground substance |
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Why is connective tissue most abundant? |
Because it weighs the most. |
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What are the specific functions of connective tissue? |
A structural framework for the body, transports fluid and dissolves materials, and protects organs. Supports, surrounds, and interconnects. Other types of tissue Stores energy Depends from invading microorganisms |
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How is connective tissue classified and what are their categories? |
By physical properties 1. Connective tissue proper 2. Fluid connective tissue 3. Supporting connective tissue |
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What is connective tissue proper? |
Has many types of cells and extracellular fibers in a syrupy ground substance. |
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What are the groups of connective tissue proper? |
1. Loose connective tissue, for example, adipose Too. Dense connective tissue, for example, tendons |
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Define fluid connective tissue: |
Has a distinctive population of cells suspended in a watery Matrix that contains dissolved proteins. |
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What are the two types of fluid connective tissue? |
Blood and lymph |
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Supporting connective tissue has? |
Less diverse cell population than connective tissue proper and more densely packed fibers. |
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What are the two types of supporting connective tissue? |
Cartilage and Bone |
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What cells are present in connective tissue proper? |
Fibroblast, fibrocytes, adipocytes, mesenchymal cells, melanocytes, macrophages, mast cells, lymphocytes, and macrophages. |
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Fibroblast function |
Secretes hyaluronan and proteins which make ground substance viscous. Also assembles large extracellular fibers. |
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Fibrocytes function |
Maintain the connective tissue fibers |
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Adipocytes function |
Fat cells stores glycerides |
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Mesenchymal cells function |
Are stem cells that respond to local injury to produce daughter cells that turn into other connective tissue cells |
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Melanocytes function |
Synthesize and store brown pigment melanin |
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Macrophages function |
Free and fix cells that hunt and engulf debris |
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Mast cells function |
Respond to tissue damage causing inflammation and secretes histamine and heparin |
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Lymphocytes function |
Increases in number when tissue is damaged. Immune response |
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Microphages function |
Attracted to site of infection engulfs debris |
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What are the three types of fibers in connective tissue proper? |
1. Collagen 2. Reticular 3. Elastic |
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Function of collagen fibers |
Flexible like rope but stronger than steel. They give connective tissue strength |
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Function of elastic fibers? |
Branched and wavy. Give connective tissue elasticity |
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Function of reticular fibers |
Interwoven framework that is tough yet flexible. |
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What are some examples of ground substance? |
Plasma in blood, CaPO4 salts in bone, viscous fluid in connective tissue proper, and Proteoglycans in cartilage. |
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What is ground substance? |
It fills the spaces between cells and surrounds connective tissue fibers. |
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Define tissue |
Groups of similar cells performing common functions |
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Where do tissue originate from |
Ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. |
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Ectoderm differentiate into? |
Epithelium and nervous tissue. |
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Mesoderm differentiate into? |
Epithelium, connective tissue, and muscle. |
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Endoderm differentiate into |
Epithelium |
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What is supporting connective tissue, and why? |
Cartilage and Bone because they provide a strong framework that supports the body |
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The Matrix of cartilage is? |
A firm gel that contains Chondroitin sulfates. |
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Chondroitin sulfates form? |
Complexes with proteins in the ground substance producing proteoglycans. |
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What are the only cells in cartilage? |
Chondrocytes |
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What do chondrocytes occupy? |
Lacunae |
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How does cartilage heal? |
Poorly because exchange of nutrients and waste products must take place by diffusion. |
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Why do blood vessels not grow into cartilage? |
It does not grow blood vessels because chondrocytes produce a chemical that inhibits blood vessel growth called antiangioGenesis Factor. |
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What generally sets apart cartilage from other tissue? |
Perichondrium |
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What is perichondrium two distinct layers? |
Outer region of dense irregular connective tissue. And an inner cellular layer |
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What does the outer layer of perichondrium do for the cartilage? |
Mechanical support, protection, and attaches the cartilage to other structures. |
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What does the inner layer of the perichondrium do for the cartilage? |
Provide oxygen and nutrients to The chondrocytes. |
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What are the three types of cartilage? |
Hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, and fibrocartilage. |
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What are some locations of hyaline cartilage? |
Nose, end of Bones (articular cartilage), and trachea and bronchial ring. |
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What are some functions of hyaline cartilage? |
Provide strength, flexibility, and ease of movement. |
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What are some locations of elastic cartilage? |
Internal ear, auditory tubes, and cuneiform cartilage of larynx. |
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What is elastic cartilage function? |
Elastic; returns to original shape |
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What are some functions of fibrocartilage? |
Intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, and neniscus of knee |
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What are some functions of fibrocartilage |
Compression/shock resistant, support, and cushion. |
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What are the two mechanisms that cartilage grows? |
Interstitial growth and oppositional growth |
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What does interstitial growth/do? |
Enlarges cartilage within. Daughter cells divide and produce more Matrix. |
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What does appositional growth mean/do? |
enlarges by growth on the outer surfaces. The inner layer of the perichondrium Divide repeatedly and become chondroblast which produces cartilage Matrix. |
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What are the four types of tissue membranes? |
1. Mucous membrane 2. Serous membrane 3. Cutaneous membrane 4. Synovial membrane |
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What do each membrane consist of? |
An epithelium supported by connective tissue. |
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Where are tissue membranes located? |
Lines body cavities or openings and covers surfaces. |
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What are the function of tissue membranes? |
Support, protect, and lubricate. |
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What are the three layers of mucous membrane? |
Mucous secretion (top) Epithelium (middle) Lamina propria (bottom) areolar tissue |
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Where does mucius membrane line? |
Mouth to anus, respiratory, urinary and reproductive. |
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What does the epithelium do in mucous membrane? |
Observative and secretory functions |
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What does mucous membranes secrete? |
Mucus |
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What are the three layers of serous membrane? |
Transudate, mesothelium, areolar tissue |
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What are the three types of serous membrane? |
Perineum, pleura, pericardium |
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What do serous membranes line? |
Internal cavities not exposed to the exterior. Like the peritoneal cavity, pleural cavity and pericardial cavity. For example, Organs. |
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What is the function of serous membrane? |
Minimizes friction between two surfaces it covers. |
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Serous membrane can be divided into two portions what are they and where are the locations? |
Parietal portion-lines the inner surfaces of the cavity Visceral/serosa-line the outer surfaces of visceral organs |
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What is the fluid that is secreted in serous membrane? |
Serous fluid |
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What is a cutaneous membrane? |
Skin |
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What are the cutaneous membranes layers? |
Epithelium, areolar tissue, dense irregular connective tissue. |
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Where are synovial membranes located |
Lines joint cavities. |
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What do synovial membranes secrete? |
Synovial fluid |
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What is the function of synovial membrane's? |
To lubricate joints |
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What are the layers of synovial membranes? |
Areolar tissue, atypical epithelium |
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How does the epithelium in synovial membranes differ from the normal epithelium? |
1. Develops within connective tissue 2. No basement membrane 3. Gaps between adjacent cells 4. Fluid and solutes are continuously exchanged. |
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What are the two processes in tissue injury and healing? |
Inflammation and regeneration |
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What are the four signs of inflammation? |
1. Heat 2. Redness 3. Swelling 4. Pain |
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Stimuli that can produce inflammation are? |
Impact, abrasion, Distortion, chemical irritation, infection by pathogenic organisms, and extreme temperatures. |
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Define necrosis |
Is the tissue destruction that takes place after cells have been damaged or killed. |
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When does necrosis begin? |
Several hours after the original injury |
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What causes necrosis? |
Lysosomal enzymes |
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How does lysosomal enzymes cause necrosis? |
Widespread autolysis. The enzymes first attack damaged cells then surrounding tissues. |
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What may result from necrosis? |
Pus or abscess. |
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What is pus? |
Collection of debris, fluid, dead and dying cells, and neurotic tissue components |
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What is an abscess? |
An accumulation of pus in an enclosed tissue space. |
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When does mast cells activation happen? |
The presence of pathogens, chemicals secreted by damaged tissue. |
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Mast Cell Activation causes release of what? |
Histamine and heparin |
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What are the effects of histamine? |
Vasodilation-increased blood flow Increased capillary permeability-swelling and rival of white blood cells |
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What are the effects of Heparin? |
Prevent blood clotting |
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Inflammation: increase blood flow |
In response to release chemicals like histamine blood vessels dilate increasing blood flow through damaged tissue. |
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Inflammation-increased vessel permeability |
Vessel dilation is accompanied by an increase in the permeability of capillaries. Plasma now diffuses into injured tissue and area becomes swollen. |
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Inflammation: pain |
Abnormal conditions within the tissue and chemicals released by mast cells stimulate nerve endings to produce pain. |
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Inflammation: increased oxygen and nutrients |
Vessel dilation, blood flow and permeability enhances the delivery of oxygen and nutrients. |
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Inflammation: increased local temperature |
Increase blood flow in permeability causes temperature to increase |
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Inflammation: increased phagocytosis |
Phagocytes are activated and start engulfing tissue and debris and pathogens |
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Inflammation: removal of toxins and waste |
Increase circulation carries away toxins and waste and delivering them to the kidneys and liver |
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Regeneration: |
Is the repair that occurs after the damaged tissue has been stabilized and information is gone |
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What happens in regeneration? |
Fiberglass invade the area and lay down fibers (scar tissue) to stabilize the area |
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Can all tissue type regenerate? |
No skeletal, cardiac muscle tissue, and nervous tissue repair poorly. |
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What is fibrosis? |
Occurs if excessive collagen is laid down |
