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130 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Joint/articulation |
We're bones interact with each other |
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Synarthrosis |
Immovable joint |
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Amphiarthrosis |
Slightly movable joint |
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Diarthrosis |
Freely movable joint |
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Suture |
Located between the bones of the skull. Bound together by dense fibrous connective tissue. |
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Gomphosis |
Located between the teeth and the jaw. Bound together by a periodontal ligament |
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Synchondrosis |
Located between the ends of the first pair of ribs, the sternum, and the epiphyseal cartilage of long bones. |
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Synostosis |
Located when two bones fuse together like the epiphyseal line. |
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Syndesmosis |
Located between the tibia and fibula. Bound together by a ligament. |
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Symphysis |
Located between the two pubic bones. Bound together by a wedge of fibrocartilage. |
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Synovial joints |
Located between long bones. Permits a wider range of motion. |
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Joint capsule/articular capsule |
Surrounds a synovial joint |
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Articular cartilage |
Cartilage that covers articulating surfaces in a synovial joint |
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Synovial fluid |
Clear, viscous solution with the consistency of egg yolks. Fills a synovial joint. |
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Meniscus |
A fibrocartilage or fat that lies between the opposing articular surface in a synovial joint. |
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Fat pads |
Localized masses of fat covered by a synovial membrane. Protects the articular cartilages |
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Ligaments |
Localized thickenings that support, strengthen, and reinforce synovial joints. |
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Sprain |
A ligament is stretched so much that some of the collagen fibers are torn, but the ligament joint are not damaged. |
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Tendon |
Not part of a joint, but help stabilize The Joint. It connects muscle to bone |
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Bursae |
small, thin, fluid-filled pockets in connective tissue that reduce friction and is a shock absorber. Contains synovial fluid and lined by synovial membrane |
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Gliding movement |
Two opposing surfaces slide past one another in one plane |
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Angular movement |
Flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction |
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Linear motion |
Gliding joint |
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Angular motion |
Ball and socket joint |
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Circumduction |
Ball and socket joint |
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Rotation |
Pivot joint |
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Plane joints |
Gliding joint. For example: intercarpal joints. |
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Hinge joint |
Permit angular Motion in a single plane. For example: elbow joint |
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Condylar joint/ ellipsoid joint |
Have an oval articular face. Nestled within a depression on the opposing surface. For example: radiocarpal joint |
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Saddle joint |
have a complex articular surface and fit together like a writer in a saddle. Each face is concave. A long one axis and convex along the other. For example: carpometacarpal joint |
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Pivot joint |
Only permits rotation. For example: proximal radio-ulnar joint |
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Ball and socket joint |
The round head of one bone rest within a cup-shaped depression in another. For example: shoulder joint |
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Flexion |
Movement in the anterior-posterior plane, that decreases the angle between articulating bones. For example: bicep curl |
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Extension |
Occurs in the same plane as flexion but increases the angle between articulating bones. |
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Hyperextension |
Extension past the anatomical position |
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Adduction |
Movement back to the anatomical position |
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Abduction |
Movement away from the anatomical position |
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Circumduction |
Complete circular movement |
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Medial rotation/internal rotation |
Anterior surface of a limb turns toward the long axis of the trunk |
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Lateral rotation |
The reverse movement of medial rotation |
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Pronation |
Turns wrist and hand from Palm facing front to Palm facing back |
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Supnation |
Reverse movement of pronation |
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Inversion |
Is a twisting movement of the foot that turns the sole Inward, and elevating the medial edge of the Sole |
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Eversion |
The opposite movement of inversion |
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Dorsiflexion |
Flexion at the ankle joint and elevation of the Sole |
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Plantar flexion |
The opposite of dorsiflexion |
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Opposition |
Movement of thumb toward the surface of the Palm/pads of fingers. |
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Reposition |
Movement that Returns the thumb and fingers from opposition |
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Protraction |
Movement of a body part anteriorly in the horizontal plane |
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Retraction |
Reverse movement of protraction |
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Depression |
A structure moves inferiorly |
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Elevation |
A structure moves superiorly |
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Lateral flexion |
Vertebral column bends side to side |
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Rheumatism |
General term for pain and stiffness affecting the musculoskeletal system |
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Arthritis |
Joint inflammation. Encompasses all Rheumatic diseases that affect synovial joints |
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Name and describe the three types of joints in classified by range of motion |
(1) synarthrosis: no movement (2) amphiarthrosis: little movement (3) diaphoresis: free movement |
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What characteristics do typical synthetic and Amphiatrotic joints share |
Both are either fibrous or cartilaginous connections |
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in newborns the large skull bones are joined by fibrous connective tissue. They later grow, interlock and form in movable joints. What type of joints are these? |
Sutures |
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Describe the components of a synovial joint and ID functions of each |
Joint capsule/articular capsule: two layers capsule that is continuous with the periosteum of the articulating bones. Inner layer is a synovial membrane that secretes synovial fluid and an outer layer is a fibrous capsule. Articular cartilage: hyaline cartilage that covers the articulation part of long bones. Reduces friction between bones. Synovial fluid: clear, and viscous (consistency of egg Yoke's) fluid. Resembling interstitial fluid but contains proteoglycans with high concentrations of Hyaluronan (secreted by fibroblast of the synovial membrane). Functions are-lubrication, nutrient distribution, and shock absorption |
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Accessory structures to synovial joints |
Meniscus: fibrocartilage subdivide a synovial cavity to allow for variations in the shapes of articular surfaces Fat pads: local masses affect covered by a layer of synovial membrane. Superficial to Joint capsule. Protect the articular cartilage and act as packing material for the joint. Ligaments: are local thickening that support, strengthen, and reinforce synovial joints. Extra capsular ligaments-outside of joint capsule. Intracapsular ligament-outside of joint capsule. Tendons: stabilizes joint by connecting muscle to bone Bursae: small thin fluid-filled pocket in connective tissue. Reduces friction and acts as a shock absorbers. |
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Why would improper circulation of synovial fluid lead to the degeneration of articular cartilage in the affected joint? |
synovial fluid lubricates the articular cartilage. Without this fluid great fiction would happen against the articular cartilage causing them to deteriorate. Also, because the articular surface are avascular and without the supply of nutrients from the synovial fluid it can cause damage or death to the articular surface. |
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Define dislocation |
Complete loss of contact between articulating surfaces |
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Identify the types of synovial joints based on the shapes of the articulating surfaces |
Plane (gliding), hinge, Condylar (ellipsoid) saddle, pivot, and ball and socket joints. |
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When do jumping jacks, which lower limb movements are necessary? |
Separation of legs from midline=abductions Bring the legs back to mid-line=adduction |
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Which movement are associated with hinge joints? |
Flexion and extension |
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Define rheumatism |
General term for pain and stiffness affecting the musculoskeletal system |
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Define arthritis |
Joint inflammation, encompasses all Rheumatic diseases that affect synovial joints |
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Explain why there must be a balance between osteoclast and osteoblast activity |
Osteoclast breaks down bone for calcium and phosphate when blood calcium phosphate is down. Osteoblasts stores calcium and phosphate in Bones when blood calcium and phosphate is up. The osteoclast and osteoblast must stay in balance or brittle bones will happen if osteoclasts are working harder than osteoblasts |
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Describe the functional relationship between the skeletal system and the integumentary system |
the integumentary system synthesizes vitamin D3 for calcium absorption and protects underlining bones and joints. The skeletal system provides structural support for skin, stores calcium and phosphate and other materials necessary for many functions in other organ systems and lipids as energy Reserves. |
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What are joints/articulations? |
Where bones meet are called joints or articulations |
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What are the two categories games in which joints are classified? |
(1) structural (2) functional |
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What does the structural classification scheme rely on? |
The anatomy of the joint |
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What does the functional steam rely on? |
The amount of movement possible |
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What does range of motion mean? |
The amount of movement in a joints |
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In the structural scheme, we classify joints as |
Fibrous, cartilaginous, bony, or synovial |
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What are the three functional categories? |
(1) synarthrosis (2) amphiarthrosis (3) diaphoresis |
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In what functional category are joints that have no movement? |
Synarthrosis |
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And what functional category are joints that have little movement? |
Amphiarthrosis |
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In what functional category are joints that are freely movable? |
Diarthrosis |
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What are the seven types of structural categories of joints? |
(1) suture: fibrous (2) gomphosis: fibrous (3) synchondrosis: cartilaginous (4) synostosis: boney (5) syndesmosis: fibrous (6) symphysis: cartilaginous (7) synovial |
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What type of joint is located between the bones of the skull? |
Suture: synarthrosis |
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What type of joint binds the teeth to bony sockets in the maxilla and mandible? |
Gomphosis: synarthrosis |
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What type of joint is located in the epiphyseal cartilage of growing long bones? |
Synchondrosis: synarthrosis |
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What type of joint is created when two bones fuse together like epiphyseal lines of long bones? |
Synostosis: synarthrosis |
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What type of joint is connected by a ligament like the distal joints between the tibia and fibula? |
Syndesmosis: amphiarthrosis |
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What type of joint is located between two pubic bones? |
Symphysis: amphiarthrosis |
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What type of joint permits a wide range of motion? |
Synovial: diarthrosis |
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In a synovial joint, the joint is surrounded by a? |
Joint (articular) capsule |
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The capsule is continuous with? |
The periosteum of the articulating bones |
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What are the two layers of a joint (articular) capsule? |
Inner: synovial membrane Outer: fibrous capsule |
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The synovial membrane does not cover what part of the joint? |
Articulating surfaces |
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What covers the articulating surfaces of a joint? |
Articular cartilage |
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What is secreted by the synovial membrane? |
Synovial fluid |
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What are some accessory structures to stabilize a synovial joint? |
Articular cartilage, synovial fluid, cartilages, fat pads, ligaments, tendons, and bursae |
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Where is articular cartilage located? |
It covers the articulating surfaces of bone |
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What does articular cartilage resemble? |
Hyaline cartilage |
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Why is articular cartilage not hyaline cartilage? |
It has no perichondrium and the matric has more water than that of other cartilages. |
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Although articular cartilage is smooth and Slick what stops the surface from touching? |
Synovial fluid |
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How does articular cartilage minimize friction between bones? |
The surface is smooth and slick |
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How does synovial fluid minimize friction between bones? |
The fluid acts as a lubricant keeping the articular surface from touching each other |
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What is synovial fluid? |
It resembles interstitial fluid, it is clear, viscous consensus T of yolk, but contains peptidoglycans with high concentration of Hyaluronan |
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What secretes hyalronan into synovial fluid? |
Fibroblast of the synovial membrane |
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What are the functions of synovial fluid? |
Lubrication, nutrient distribution, and shock absorption |
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How does synovial fluid lubricate the joint? |
Articular cartilage filled with synovial fluid, We not compressed. once the joint is compressed of the synovial fluid excess the articular cartilage making the surface slick which reduces friction. |
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How does synovial fluid distribute nutrients? |
synovial fluid continuously provides nutrients and waste disposal routes for the chondrocytes of the avascular articular cartilage by when a joint moves synovial fluid pumps into and out of the articular cartilage. Synovial fluid exchanges waste for nutrients in the areolar tissue of the synovial membrane. |
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How does synovial fluid absorb shock? |
Synovial fluid becomes more viscous when joint usage increases there for absorbing shock with in the joint. Synovial fluid becomes less viscous when the joint usage decreases |
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How does cartridges, like a meniscus, stabilize a synovial joint? |
by subdividing a synovial joint cavity and channel the flow of synovial fluid or by allowing for variations in the shape of articular cartilage. |
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How does fat pad stabilize a synovial joint? |
They protect the articular cartilage and act as packing material for the joint |
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What are the two types of ligaments that support, strengthen, and reinforce synovial joints? |
Outside: extracapsular ligament Inside: intracapsular ligament |
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What is a sprain? |
It is a ligament that has been stretched to the point that some of the collagen fibers are torn, but the ligaments as a whole is still intact and the joint is not damaged. |
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How do tendon support synovial joints? |
Tendons are not part of the joint itself. However, they connect the fleshy part of a muscle to bone. Surrounding a joint. Which stabilizes the joints range of motion. |
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What are bursae? |
Small, thin, fluid-filled (synovial fluid) pockets in connective tissue that reduce friction and act as shock absorbers in or around synovial joints. |
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what factors are responsible for limiting a synovial joints range of motion, stabilizing, and reducing the chances of injury? |
(1) collagen fibers of the joint capsule and any accessory, extracapsular or intracapsular ligaments. (2) the shape of the articulating surfaces and meniscus which prevent movement in a specific Direction. (3) the presence of other bones, muscle or fat pads around the joint. (4) tension in tendons attached to the articulating bones. |
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What does range of motion (ROM) refer to? |
The full movement of a particular joint |
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What are the four types of synovial joint movements? |
(1) linear motion/gliding (2) angular (3) circumduction (4) rotation |
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Where would you find a linear motion/gliding synovial joint? |
Between tarsals and carpals |
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Arthritis results from damage to the? |
Articular cartilage |
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What is the most common type of arthritis? |
Osteoarthritis |
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Osteoarthritis is also referred to as? |
Degenerative joint disease |
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In general osteoarthritis affects who? |
People who are 60 years or older |
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Osteoarthritis can result from? |
Cumulative wear and tear, or genetic factors affecting collagen formation |
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In the u. S. Population, how many men and women are affected by osteoarthritis? |
25% of women and 15% of men over the age of 60 |
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What type of arthritis is an autoimmune disease of the synovial membrane? |
Rheumatoid arthritis |
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How many people are affected by rheumatoid arthritis? |
0. 5 to 1% of the adult population between the ages of 40 to 60 years old. Women more than men. |
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Rheumatoid arthritis occurs when? |
The immune response attacks The Joint tissue. |
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What contributes to rheumatoid arthritis? |
Allergies, bacterial infections, viral infections and or genetic factors. |
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What type of arthritis is caused by the formation of uric acid crystals in the synovial fluid? |
Gouty arthritis |
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What joint is the most affected by Gaudi arthritis? |
The first metacarpal-pharyngeal joint |
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What can reduce inflammation in a joint? |
Exercise, physical therapy, and drugs. |
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What are some effects of Aging have on joints? |
-decrease production of synovial fluid -articular cartilage thins with age -loss of flexibility and ligaments (due to less use) -wear and tear and genetic factors may increase these aging effects |
