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93 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Populations
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A group of individuals of the same species occupying a specific area
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Zero population growth
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Births=deaths
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Arithmetic growth
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inccrease in numbers by addition of a set number at a given time
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Exponential Growth
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the larger the population the greater teh expansion in population size
-the number that will exist depends on the number that does exist .. leads to J-shaped growth |
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Density (number in a given habitat) dependent factors that can limit growth
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-Food supply
-shelter(predators;protection) -pollution |
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Density independent factors
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weather
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Carrying capacity
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maximum population density of given species that a defined geographical area can sustain over time
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We have "logistic growth" which is..
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slow start, then exponential growth
-levels off when carrying capacity is reached -can change with a change in resource availability |
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R and K strategies
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"opportunities vs. equilbrial"
-refers to reproductive strategy -refers also to whether a population is limited by: Reproductivve rate ("R") Carrying capacity ("K") |
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K strategists -Large animals
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late reproductive age:long gestation
-few offspring, but large so cared for a long time -high ability to compete - |
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Survivorship curve
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age specific survival
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Type I
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high survivorship until late in life
-typical of large animals |
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Type II
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constant drop off
-constant death at all ages |
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Type III
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death rate highest
-typical of high repoductive rate things; insects, fish.. |
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Keystone species
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a species whose absence would bring about a significant change in the community
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Potential Niche
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what would exist in absence of competition
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Intraspecific competition
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individuals of same species (very intense)
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Interspecific competition
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between populations of different species
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Distribution of species
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Tropical rain forest has 6% of lane; and 66% of species.
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Biodiversity
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the diversity of living things
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Species diversity
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the diversity in a given area
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Geographic diversity
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diversity/ distribution in a given area
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Genetic distribution
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distribution of alleles
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Predation
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one organism feeding on a second organism, predator/prey
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Evolutionary "arms race"
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species try to out-smart eachother.. camouflage, mimicry
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Batesian mimicry
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one species evolves to resemble another that has protective traits
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Mullerian mimicry
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several species that have protection against predators come to look like eachother
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Parasitism
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one organism lives on or in a "host" using its tissues for nutrients
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Mutualism
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interaction that is beneficial to both
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microparasites
macroparsites |
micro-viruses bacteria protists
macro-flatworms, roundworms, insects |
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commensalism
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one benefits , other unaffected
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endosymbiosis
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symbiosis where a symbiotic organism lives inside of its partner; eukaryotic organelles
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Ecological Succession
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sequential development of a community, starting with a pioneering species and ending with a species that remains in equilibrium. One type of growth succeeds another.
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Primary succession
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begins with a "pioneering species" on a barren habitat (lichens, mosses)
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Secondary succesion
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starts in a disturbed are (fire, farmed fields)
-area then moves towards recovery -moves towrd climax |
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climax community
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a stable community that devvelops at the end of a successionary sequence
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Natural worlds non-living components
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-energy
-water -nutrients |
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Ecosystem
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a self-sustaining community of organism and the physical environment with which they interact. includes biotic (living) and abiotic (non living) factors
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First law of thermodynamics
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energy not created or destroyed; is transformed
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Second law of thermodynamics
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all transfomations result in lost heat
-energy goes from more ordered to less ordered |
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Biosphere
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Sum total of all the placs in which organisms live
-hydrosphere -lithosphere -atmosphere |
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Biome
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A large region of land (a large ecosystem) dominated by a large vegetational formation (climax vegetation) whose boundaries are determined by climate
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Climate affects
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soil
-type of primary producers -subsequent distribution of entire ecosystem |
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Factors that effect climate
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-tilt of the earth
-circulation cells -warm air rises at equator, spreads north and south -ocean currents -rain shadow |
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Major biome; Tropical rainforest
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occurs between 0-20 degrees
-does not grow back when cleared for agriculture -40 yrs ago rainforest was 2x size of europe.. nonw 1/2 gone 86 acres lost every minute. -by 2035 most will be gone |
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Grassland and Savannna
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between rainforest and desert
-more rain than desert, not enough for forest 30- 40 latitude |
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Desert
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30ish latitude and polar regions
-determined by percipitaion no temp -low humidity;hot days;cold nights |
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Taiga or Northern Coniferous forest
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-dominted by gymnosperms
-shot seasons; cool summers;cold winters |
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Tundra
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"tree-less plain"
-1/4 of eaths surface -little precipitation, but: -permafrost (no drainage) -low evaporation |
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Estuary
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partially enclosed coastal region where seawater mixes with nutrient-rich freshwater
-constant turnover of nutrients |
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Millennium ecosystem assesment
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report assembled by 1300 scientists from 95 countries
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millenium conclusion
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"ability of ecosystem to sustain future generations cn no longer take for granted"
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Ozone
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is O3- filters out UV radiation
-layer occurs in stratosphere |
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Ozone depletion
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discoverd in 1985 (although predicted in 1974)
-cause by CFCs, chain reaction; one chhlorine destroys 10,000 ozones |
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Loss of biodiversity is caused by
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1-habitat destruction, environmental toxins
2-Introduced species 3-over-exploitation |
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What does biospher do?
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-filters water0
-fertile soil -pollination -seed dispersal -nutrient cycling -protection from erosion -protectoin from UV -medicine =$33 trillion |
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Mutation
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is the only way to add new information to a genome
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The "bottleneck effect" is an example of
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genetic drift
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our species (homo sapiens) arose how many years ago?
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100,000-150,000
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what organisms can photosynthesize?
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cyanobacteria
green plants protistan phytoplankton |
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Gene Flow
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physical movement of genes or alleles from one population to another
-helps keep separate populations genetically similar. |
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Genetic Drift
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random change in allele frequencies in a population, brought about by chance alone
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Phenotype
genotype |
physical (visible) characteristics (domninant allele)
-genetic make up |
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A ____ consists of a biological_____, or all biotic factors, along with the non living or ______.
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ecosystem, community, abiotic
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Why is it more accurate to define the biosphere as the global ecosystem rather than the global community?
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Because the biosphere contains both biotic and abiotic factors.
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____ energy is such an important abiotic factor because ______ provides most of the organic fuel and building material for the organisms of most ecosystems
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Solar, photosynthesis
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What is acclimation?
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A gradual, reversible in anatomy or physiology in response to an environmental change.
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Contrast ecological time with evolutionary time.
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Ecological time- present interactions between organisms and their environment
Evolutionary-term consequences of those interactions in the adaptaions that evolve via natural selection. |
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What is the relationship between a population and a species.
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A population is a localized subset of a species
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What is the approximate size of earths human population?
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6 bill
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What causes a populations growth to level off if its behavior approximates the logistic model?
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The population size reaches the environments carrying capacity
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How do the terms opportunistic and equilibrial contrast the key charcteristics of these life history strategies?
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opportunistic- large number of offspring very rapidly when the evironment arrords a temporary opportunity for exponential growth (small animals )
Equilibrial- population size taht fluctuates only slightly from carrying capacity (larger animals, take care of young) |
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A communitys feeding relationships of producers and consumers is referred to as the communitys _____ structure
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trophic
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what is the main abiotic factor that distinguises primary from seconday succesion?
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Absence of soil (primary succesion) versus presence of sol (secondary succesion)
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Why is the transfer of energy in an ecosystem referred to as energy flow not enegy cycling?
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because energy passes through an ecosystem entering as sunligh and leaving as heat. It is not recycled within the ecosystem/
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Whay is the main abiotic reservoir for carbon
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the atmospheric stock of CO2
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The ____, small photosynthetic organisms inhabiting the _____ zone of the pelagic zone , provides most of the food for oceanic life.
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photoplankton, photic
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What are three main levels of biodiversity
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Ecosystem diversityh
species diversity the gentic diversity of populations |
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What are the three main causes of the biodiversity crisis?
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Habitat destruction
introduced species overexploitation |
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What is a biodiversity hot spot?
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A relatively small area with a disproportionate number of species
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What is a Biome?
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A large region of lane (ecosystem) dominated by a large vegetational formation ( climax vegetation) whose boundaries are determined by climate.
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What factors effect climate
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tilt of earth
circulation cells ocean currents rain shadow |
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What does climate affect
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soil
type of primary producers subsequent distribution of entire ecosystem |
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If an organism is described to you as being single celled and embryotic, which kingdom does it most likely belong to?
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Protista
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Agiosperms lack
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seeds
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HOw does nnitrogen get from the atmosphere into the biosphere(living world)
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it is converted to a usable form by nitrogen-fixing bacteria
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What is the benefit to each partner in a mcorrhizal relationship?
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the plant gets soil nutrients; the fungus gets food
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Most forms of life on earth are..
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uni-cellular
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What protiss are multicellular?
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re and brown algae
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What organism is responsible for first producing the oxygen in Earths atmosphere?
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Cynobacteria
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what is the mian what that cells adapt to extremes of temperature
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components of the cell membrane can become more fluid ( in cold) or less fluid (in warm)
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what type of tissue moves sugars arounda plant?
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phloem
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what is the linig between photosynthesis and climate change (global warming)?
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photosynthesis remove CO2 from the atmosphere while combustion of fossilized plants and other organic material reutrns CO2 to the atmosphere after long term storage.
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