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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Ionic Bonds |
transfer of electrons |
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Covalent bonds |
shared electrons; very strong |
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Hydrogen bond |
a weak bond between two molecules resulting from an electrostatic attraction between a proton in one molecule and an electronegative atom in the other. |
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pH scale |
measure of hydrogen ion concentration, acids-bases |
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Acids |
realease H+ into solution |
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Bases |
accept (remove) H+ from solution |
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Dehydration vs hydrolysis |
Dehydration: Linking together removes H2O Hydrolysis: linking H2O breaks up polymer |
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What are the 4 types of macromolecules? |
Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids |
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Carbohydrates |
Monomer: Glucose C6 H12 06 Starch, glycogen, cellulose |
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Lipids |
CHO Made up of Fats |
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Proteins |
CHON Monomer: Amino Acids |
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Nucleic Acids |
CHONP Monomer: Nucleotide DNA, RNA |
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What do all cells have? |
Bound by cell membrane, contains a fluid called cytosol, have genetic material, have ribosomes |
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Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic |
Prokaryotic: older, smaller, lack organelles, found in bacteria and archaea Eukaryotic: Newer, Larger, have organelles, found in eukarya-protists, plants fungi, and animals |
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ATP |
Energy currency of a cell Adenosine Try Phosphate |
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Enzymes |
Proteins, -ase, act as catalysts, speed up chemical reactions |
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Diffusion |
Spreading of molecules evenly into space |
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Facilitated diffusion |
diffusion of specific particles along the concentration gradient High -> Low |
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osmosis |
diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane |
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Hypertonic and Hypotonic |
hypertonic: higher concentration of solute as compared to its surroundings hyptotonic: lower concentration of solute as compared to its surroundings |
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Glycolysis |
a molecule of glucose is split into 2 molecules of a compound called pyruvic acid |
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Citric Acid Cycle |
completes breakdown of glucose all the way to CO2, one of the waste products of cellular respiration |
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Electron transport chain |
electrons captured from food by the NADH fromed the 1st two stages "fall" down electron transport chains to oxygen |
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Photosynthesis |
the process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods from carbon dioxide and water. |
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Mitosis |
Prophase-chromosomes condense & become visible Metaphase- chromosomes line up at the middle Anaphase- sister chromotids separate Telophase- 2 new nuclei form |
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Meiosis |
a type of cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell, as in the production of gametes and plant spores. |
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Diploid |
all body cells contain pairs of homologous chromosomes 22 sets of chromosomes |
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Haploid |
a cell with a single chromosome set chromosome #23 |
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Allele |
alernative versions of a gene |
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Homozygous |
an organism that has 2 identical alleles for a gene |
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Heterozygous |
an organism that has 2 different alleles for a gene |
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Dominant Allele |
determines which trait is visible when the organism is homozygous |
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Phenotype |
physical appearance |
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genotype |
genetic makeup |
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DNA to RNA to Protein process |
DNA->Transcription: transfer of genetic info from DNA to RNA RNA->Translation: transfer of the info from RNA into a protein |
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DNA-RNA (translation) |
AGCT AGCU |
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Taxonomy |
naming and grouping similar things |
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descent with modification |
present day species are descendents of ancient anscestors they still resemble in some respects |
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Evolution by natural selection will occure if |
A. there is phenotypic variation in a population B. The variation is heritable C. the variation influences the reproductive success of individuals |
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Mutations are.... |
Mutations are RANDOM, selection is not! |
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Macroevolution |
evolutionary change above a species level |
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Fossil Record |
sequence in which fossils appear in a rock strata is a record of macroevolution |
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Mechanisms of macroevolution |
-large effects from small genetic chanes -adaptation of old structures for new function |
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cladistics |
organisms grouped by common ancestry |
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clase |
ancestral species and all its evolutionary descendants |
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What are the three-domain system? |
Bacteria Archea Eukaryota |
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Organism |
individual living thing |
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population |
group of individuals of the smae species living in the same geographical area |
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community |
all of the organisms that inhabit an area, a group of populations |
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ecosystem |
abiotic factors in addition to the community of species in a certain area |
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biosphere |
global ecosystem. the sum of all the planets ecosystem, or all of life and where it lives |
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Population Density |
# of individuals in a particular space |
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Age Structure |
measurement of population based on age |
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life table |
trackes survival to a certain age |
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Types of survivorship curves |
I. Not many offspring but take really good care of young II. Intermediate III. Lots of offspring but likely to die young. |
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Exponential population growth |
at first slow then rapid increase |
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Logistic population growth |
grows quickly and levels off |
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Density independent factor |
intensity of the liminting factor is not related to population density |
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density dependent factors |
intensity of the limiting factor is related to population density |
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intraspecific competition |
competition between individuals of each species for the same limited resources |
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invasive species |
non native introduced to a new area and becomes a pest |
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biological control |
keep a population in control, release a predator for that species |
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Mutualism |
+/+ beneficial for both parties ex. ants and acacia |
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Predation |
+/- One species kills and eats the other |
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Herbivory |
+/- consumption of plant or algae by an animal |
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Parasites and Pathogens |
+/- good for parasites, bad for hosts pathogens-disease causing bacteria, virus, fungi, or protists |
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Trophic structure |
producer->primary consumer->secondary consumer->tertiary consumer |
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Ecosystem ecology |
includes the community of species and all abiotic factors |
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Carbon Cycle |
the series of processes by which carbon compounds are interconverted in the environment |
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Nitrogen Cycle |
the series of processes by which nitrogen and its compounds are interconverted in the environment and in living organisms, including nitrogen fixation and decomposition. |
