Biology 101 Exam 3

Front 1

Photosynthesis

Back 1

Process where the sun's energy is used to make carbohydrates from CO2 & H2O

Front 2

Cuticle

Back 2

Thin watertight strong protective wax

Front 3

Epidermis

Back 3

Cell layers controlling entrance and exit of gases and water

Front 4

Mesophyll

Back 4

Palisade spongy cells fill the leaf interior have chloroplast as green specks

Front 5

Chloroplast

Back 5

Outer inner membrane, thylakoids are stacked coins forming grana; stroma semi liquid substance with enzymes

Front 6

Vascular bundle

Back 6

Consist xylem conducts water from roots & phloem conduct food from leaves and green stems to other parts of plant

Front 7

Light-dependent reaction-ATP and NADPH

Back 7

Generated using enzyme catalyst in thylakoids membranes chloroplast in plants

Front 8

Light-dependent reaction or Calving Benson Cycle

Back 8

Carbohydrate glucose synthesized in chloroplast stroma from atmospheric CO2

Front 9

Electromagnetic spectrum

Back 9

Full range of photons in wavelength is measured in nm,cm and m

Front 10

Short wavelength

Back 10

Gamma rays from radioactive element, UV light from the Sun

Front 11

Middle wavelengths

Back 11

Red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet

Front 12

long wavelength

Back 12

Infrared, microwaves and radio waves

Front 13

Photons

Back 13

Packets of energy short wavelength

Hint 13

Ultraviolet light and gamma rays

Front 14

Pigments

Back 14

Molecules of capture light

Hint 14

Chlorophyll -green, xanthophyll-yellow, carotene -orange

Front 15

Chlorophyll

Back 15

Absorb wavelengths far ends visual spectrum reflect green wavelength. Greenhouses emit blue & red optimizing plant growth

Front 16

Photosystem

Back 16

Complex proteins within chlorophyll molecules are network like an antenna capturing photons

Front 17

Photosystem 1 leads to formation of NADPH

Back 17

Consist of chlorophyll molecules electron transport system form NADPH powering production of H atoms to build sugars and organic compounds

Front 18

Photosystem 2 leads to formation of ATP

Back 18

Consist of chlorophyll a & b capture energy photon reaction center gives excited electron primary electron acceptor; used produce ATP build sugar

Hint 18

ATP <ADP+P

Front 19

Chemiosmosis

Back 19

Production of ATP involving photosystem, electron transport system special protein channel, ATP synthase

Front 20

C3 photosynthesis

Back 20

ATP & NADPH incorporate CO2 from air Rubisco starting material glucose during process of carbon fixation; carried by most plants in mesophyll cells

Hint 20

1st enzyme of the Calvin cycle

Front 21

Stomata

Back 21

Opening epidermis of leaves, formed guard cells, water vapor and o2 to pass out co2 passes in

Front 22

Photorespiration

Back 22

Hot weather, plants close stomata to conserve water o2 builds up in the leaves, enzyme Rubisco binds O2 instead of co2

Front 23

C4 photosynthesis

Back 23

Carried by plants, higher temperatures; oxalacetate, 4- carbon molecules produced, transferred inner bundle sheath cells breaks down co2 enters calvin-benson cycle

Front 24

CAM photosynthesis

Back 24

Succulents pineapples, agave, orchids ferns and cone bearers. Open stomata at night when cooler closed during daytime when hot. Fix CO2 into organic acids stored in vacuoles

Front 25

Phytoplankton

Back 25

Photosynthetic algae and bacteria oceans carry much photosynthesis then cell respiration

Front 26

Autotrophs are producers

Back 26

Make own food photosynthesis include green bacteria, algae, and plant

Front 27

Heterotrophs or consumers

Back 27

Depends on others

Hint 27

Carnivores omnivores detrivore and parasite

Front 28

Cellular respiration

Back 28

Organisms acquire energy break down food by eating plants or other animals

Front 29

Oxidation

Back 29

Loss of electrons

Front 30

Reduction

Back 30

Gain of electrons

Front 31

Cell respiration has two stages

Back 31

Glycolysis occurs in cytoplasm, oxidation in the mitochondria

Front 32

Anabolism

Back 32

Building molecules or synthesis reactions

Front 33

Catabolism

Back 33

Breaking down molecules or degradation reactions

Front 34

Catalyst

Back 34

Proteins accelerate forward and backward reactions lowers activation energy. Not all enzymes are proteins

Front 35

Free energy

Back 35

Energy available work in any system

Front 36

Enthalpy

Back 36

Energy contained in molecules chemical bonds

Front 37

Activation energy

Back 37

Energy needed to destabilize chemical bond initiate chemical reaction

Front 38

Biochemical pathways

Back 38

Enzymatic reactions occurring sequence where product of one reaction becomes substrate of another

Front 39

Enzyme inhibition

Back 39

Occurs when active enzyme prevented from combining with its substrate

Front 40

Feedback inhibition

Back 40

When product is in abundance he competes with substrate for the enzyme's active site

Front 41

Competitive inhibitor

Back 41

Interferes with active site of enzyme the substrate cannot bind

Front 42

Allosteric inhibitor

Back 42

Shape of enzyme by binding to location other than active site so enzyme can't bond to substrate

Front 43

Endergonic reaction

Back 43

Requires input of energy

Front 44

Exergonic reaction

Back 44

Excess free energy released as heat

Front 45

Mitochondria

Back 45

Consist of outer and inner membrane with intermembrane space, cristae, DNA, ribosomes and enzymes of cell respiration

Front 46

Glycolysis

Back 46

Glucose broken down into 2 3-C pyruvate molecules forming ATP. Yields 2 ATP & 2 NADPH

Front 47

Krebs Cycle

Back 47

Acetyl coenzyme A enters chemical reactions producing 1; energy harvested electrons transferred NADPH and FAD. 2 turns for every molecules of glucose that's oxidized

Front 48

Electron transport chain

Back 48

Molecules of NADPH and FADH2 carry electrons to inner mitochondrial membrane drive proton pumps that pump H

Hint 48

ATC yields 10 NADH, - fadh2 in 30 480p total ATP and one glucose is 38

Front 49

Chemiosmosis

Back 49

Facilitated diffusion out of mitochondria into cell cytoplasm and channel synthesizes ATP from ADP and P

Front 50

ATP synthase

Back 50

Special channel protons induced to the mitochondrial matrix by diffusion of a concentration gradient

Front 51

Fermentation

Back 51

Organic molecule accepts the electrons is ethanol or lactic acid

Front 52

Ethanol fermentation

Back 52

Please remove co2 from pyruvate through decarboxylation producing 2-C molecules of acetaldehyde

Hint 52

CO2 makes dough rise

Front 53

Lactic acid fermentation

Back 53

Circulating blood moves lactate for muscles used as fuel for muscle contraction there's muscle soreness due to acidosis

Front 54

Deamination

Back 54

Removal of amino groups from protein converting the rest of the molecules the enter the Krebs cycle is a product of protein metabolism

Front 55

Beta oxidation

Back 55

Fats broken down by enzymes in to glycerol and fatty acids

Front 56

Uses of ATP

Back 56

Make sugar, supplying activation energy for reaction chemicals, after transport of substances across membranes, movement through environment and growth

Front 57

Carbon monoxide

Back 57

Incomplete burning of fossil fuels wood burns more strongly than told to to hemoglobin in the RBC, hence RBCs can not transport out of adequate O2 production shuts down

Front 58

Chromium

Back 58

Has influence on activity of insulin allowing body to use carbohydrates and fats more efficiently, hence given type 2 diabetes

Hint 58

Sugar reducers

Front 59

Cystic fibrosis

Back 59

Defect in the CFTR gene codes for a protein responsible for movement of chloride ions across membranes of cells to produce mucus hence an improper water salt balance

Hint 59

Lung infection