Biology 101

Front 1

The Reproduction of a cell

Back 1

Cell division

Front 2

A threadlike, gene carrying structure found in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell and most visible during mitosis and meiosis

Back 2

Chromosome

Hint 2

The main gene-carrying structure of a prokaryotic cell.

Front 3

The creation of offspring by a single parent, without the participation of sperm and egg

Back 3

Asexual Reproduction

Hint 3

Does not involve fertilizaton
Mitosis

Front 4

The combination of DNA and protiens that constitute chromosomes; often used to refer to the diffuse, very extended form taken by the chromosomes when a eukaryotic cell is not dividing

Back 4

Chromatin

Front 5

The creation of offspring by the fusion of two haploid sex cells(gametes), forming a diploid zygote.

Back 5

Sexual Reproduction

Hint 5

Requries egg and sperm
Meiosis

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Containing a single set of chromosomes; referring to an n cell.

Back 6

Haploid

Front 7

A sex cell; a haploid egg or sperm. The union of two gametes of opposite sex (fertilization) produces a zygone.

Back 7

Gametes

Front 8

The fertilized egg, which is diploid, that results from the union of a sperm cell nucleus and an egg cell nucleus.

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Zygote

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One of the two identical parts of a duplicated chromosome in a eukarytotic cell.

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Sister Chromatids

Front 10

The region of a chromosome where two sister chromatids are joined and where spindle microtubules attach during mitosis and meiosis.

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Centromere

Hint 10

The centromere divides at the onset of anaphase during mitosis and anaphase II of meiosis.

Front 11

An orderly sequence of events(including interphase and the mitotic phase) that extends from the time a eukaryotic cell divides to form two daughter cells to the time those daughter cells divide again.

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Cell Cycle

Front 12

The period in the eukaryotic cell cycle when the cell is not actually dividing.

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Interphase

Front 13

The part of the cell cycle when mitosis divides the nucleus and distributes its chromosomes to the daughter nuclei and cytokinesis divides the cytoplasm, producing two daughter cells.

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Mitotic Phase

Front 14

The division of a single nucleus into two genetically identical daughter nuclei. Mitosis and cytokinesis make up the mitotic (M) phase of the cell cycle.

Back 14

Mitosis

Front 15

The division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells. Cytokinesis usally occurs during telophase of mitosis, and the two processes make up the mitotic (M) phase of the cell cycle.

Back 15

Cytokinesis

Front 16

A type of cell that has a membrane-enclosed nucleus and other membrane enclosed organelles.

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Eukaryotic cell cycle

Hint 16

All organisms except bacteria and archaea are composed of eukaryotic cells.

Front 17

The first stage of mitosis, during which duplicated chromosomes condense to form structures visible with a light microscope and the mitotic spindle forms and begins moving the chromosomes toward the center.

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Prophase

Front 18

The second stage of mitosis. During metaphase, all the cell's duplicated chromosomes are lined up at an imaginary plane equidstant between the poles of the mitotic spindle.

Back 18

Metaphase

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The third stage of mitosis, beginning when sister chromatids separate from each other and ending when a complete set of daughter chromosomes has arrived at each of the two poles of the cell.

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Anaphase

Front 20

The fourth and final stage of mitosis, during which daughter nuclei form at the two poles of a cell.

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Telophase

Hint 20

Telophase usually occurs together with cytokinesis.

Front 21

A spindle-shape structure formed of microtubules and associated proteins that is involved in the movement of chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis.

Back 21

Mitotic Spindle

Hint 21

A spindle is shaped roughly like a football.

Front 22

Material in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell tat gives rise to microtules; microtubule-organizing center.

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Centrosomes

Front 23

The first sign of cytokinesis during cell division in an animal cell

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Cleavage furrow

Hint 23

A shallow groove in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate.

Front 24

A double membrane across the midline of a dividing plant cell, between which the new cell wall forms during cytokinesis

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Cell Plate

Front 25

An abnormal mass of cells that remains at its original site in the body.

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Benign Tumor

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A cell that is not subject to normal cell cycle control mechanisms and that will therefore divide continuously.

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Cancer Cell

Front 27

An abnormal tissue mass that can spread into neighboring tissue and to other parts of the body

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Malignant Tumor

Hint 27

Cancerous Tumor

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The spread of cancer cells beyond their original site.

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Metastasis

Front 29

Cancer that originates in the covering of the body, such as the skin or the lining of the intestinal tract.

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Carcinomas

Front 30

Cancer of the supportive tissues, such as bone, cartilage, and muscle.

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Sarcomas

Front 31

A type of cancer of the blood forming tissue, characterized by an excessive production of white cells and an abnormally high number of them in the blood.

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Leukemias

Hint 31

Cancer of the bone marrow cells that produce leukocytes.

Front 32

Cancer of the tissue that form white blood cells.

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Lymphoma

Front 33

Treatment for cancer in which parts of the body that have cancerous tumors are exposed to high-energy radiation to disrupt cell division of the cancer cell.

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Radiation Therapy

Front 34

Treatment for cancer in which drugs are administered to dirupt cell division of the cancer cell.

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Chemotherapy

Front 35

Any cell in a multicellular organism except a sperm or egg cell or a cell that develops into a sperm or egg.

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Somatic Cell

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A display of micrographs of the metaphase chromosomes of a cell, arranged by size and centromere position

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Karyotype

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The two chromosomes that make up a matched pair in a diploid cell. Homologous chromosomes are of the same length, centromere position, and sraining pattern and possess genes for the same characteristice at corresponding loci.

Back 37

Homologous Chromosomes

Front 38

A chromosomes that determines whether an individual is male or female

Back 38

Sex Chromosomes

Front 39

Containtin two homologous sets of chromosomes in each cell, one set inherited from each parent; reffering to a 2n cell.

Back 39

Diploid

Front 40

A sex cell; haploid egg or sperm.

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Gametes

Hint 40

The union of two gametes of opposite sex produces a zygote.

Front 41

Containg a single set of chromosomes; reffering to a n cell.

Back 41

Haploid

Front 42

The union of the nucleus of a sperm cell with the nucleus of an egg cell, producing a zygote.

Back 42

Fertilization

Front 43

In a sexually reproducing organisim, the division of a single diploid nucleus into four haploid daughters nuclei. Meiosis and cytokinesis produced haploin gametes from diploid cells in the reproductive organs of the parents.

Back 43

Meiosis

Front 44

The exchange of segments between chrommatids of homologaous chromosomes during synapsis in prophase I of meiosis; also, the exchange of segments between DNA molecules in prokaryotes.

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Crossing over

Front 45

The microscopically visible site where crossing over has occurred between chromatids of homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis.

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Chiasma

Front 46

The production, by crossing over and/or indendent assortment of chromosomes

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Genetic recombination