Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
88 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
theory
|
a general set of principles, supported by evidence, that explains some aspect of nature
|
|
|
hypothesis
|
a tentative, testable explanation for an observed phenomenon
|
|
|
Scientific method
|
observation, question, hypothesis, experiment, conclusion
|
|
|
Levels of organization
|
atom, molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere
|
|
|
atomic number
|
the amount of protons that are in the nuclei of a atom`
|
|
|
Earth's crust is made up of
|
50% oxygen, 26% silicon, 8% aluminum, 5% iron, and 3% calcium
|
|
|
Human body is made up of
|
oxygen, hydrogen, and carbon
|
|
|
Isotope
|
an element as defined by the number of neutrons contained in its nucleus. different istopes of an element have the same number protons but differing numbers in neutrons
|
|
|
covalent bond
|
a type of chemical bond in which two atoms are linked through a sharing of electrons
|
|
|
ionic bond
|
a linkage in which two or more ions are bonded to each other by virtue of their opposite charge
|
|
|
molecule
|
an entity consisting of a defined number of atoms covalently bonded together
|
|
|
polar covalent bond
|
a type of covalent bond in which electrons are shared unequally between atoms, so that one end of the molecule has a slight negative charge and the other end a slight positive charge
|
|
|
nonpolar covalent bond
|
a type of covalent bond in which electrons are shared equally between atoms
|
|
|
ion
|
an atom whose number of electrons differs from its number of protons
|
|
|
hydrogen bond
|
a chemical bond that links an already covalently bonded hydrogen atom with a second, relatively electronegative atom
|
|
|
solution
|
a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances. in biology, solutions often consist a solute dissolved in water, which produces an aqueous solution
|
|
|
solute
|
the substance being dissolved by a solvent to form a solution
|
|
|
solvent
|
the substances in which a solute is dissolved to form a solution. in an aqueous solution, the solvent is water
|
|
|
specific heat
|
the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree celsius
|
|
|
hydrocarbons
|
a compound made hydrogen and carbon. hydrocarbon are nonpolar covalent molecules and therefore are not easily dissolved in water
|
|
|
hydrophobic
|
the property, possessed by some compounds, of being unable to form chemical bonds with water molecules
(non polar) |
|
|
hydrophilic
|
the property, possessed by some compounds, of being able to form chemical bonds with water molecules (polar)
|
|
|
functional group
|
a group of atoms that confers a special property on a carbon-based molecule
|
|
|
carboxyl
|
found in fatty acids, amino acids
|
|
|
hydroxyl
|
alcohls, carbohydrates
|
|
|
amino
|
amino acids
|
|
|
phosphate
|
dna; atp
|
|
|
carbohydrates
|
organic molecule made up of monosaccharides
|
|
|
monosaccharide
|
glucose
|
|
|
polysaccharide
|
glycogen
|
|
|
amino acid
|
arginine, leucine
|
|
|
polypeptide
|
insulin
|
|
|
nucleotide
|
sugar, phosphate
|
|
|
nucleic acid
|
DNA, RNA
|
|
|
lipids
|
a class of molecules whose defining characteristic is that they do not readily dissolve in water
|
|
|
triglyceride
|
lipid molecule formed from three fatty acids bonnde to clycerol
|
|
|
fatty acid
|
a molecule found in many lipids that is composed of a hydrocarbon chain bonded to a carboxyl group
|
|
|
enzyme
|
quicken chemical reactions (
|
|
|
hormones
|
chemical messengers (growth hormone: stimulates growth of bones)
|
|
|
transport
|
move other molecules (homoglobin: transports oxygen through blood)
|
|
|
contractile
|
movement (myosin and actin: allow muscles to contract)
|
|
|
protective
|
healing; defense against invader (fibrinogen: stops bleeding
|
|
|
primary structure in protiens
|
protein, is simply its sequence of amino acids
|
|
|
secondary structure
|
the structure that proteins assume after folding up. the alpha helix, a common secondary structure of proteins, has a shape much like a corkscrew
|
|
|
tertiary structure
|
the large scale twists and turns in a protein conformation
|
|
|
quaternary structure
|
the way in which two or more polypeptie chains come together to form a protein
|
|
|
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
|
primary information bearing molecule of life, composed of two linked chains of nucleotides
|
|
|
RNA (ribonucleic acid)
|
a molecule composed of nucleotides that is active in the synthesis of protiens
|
|
|
eukaryotic cells
|
cell whose primary complement of DNA is enclosed within a nucleus
|
|
|
prokaryotic cells
|
are calls whose NA is not enclosed within a nucleus
|
|
|
organelle
|
highly organized structure within a cell
|
|
|
nucleus
|
membrane lined compartment that enclose the primary complement of DNA in eukaryotic cells
|
|
|
mitochondria
|
organelles that are the primary sites of energy conversion within eukaryotic cells
|
|
|
rough endoplasmic reticulum
|
a network of membranes, found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells, that aids the processing of proteins
|
|
|
cytosol
|
the protein rich, jelly like fluid in which a cell's organelles that arre outside the nucleus are immersed
|
|
|
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
|
a network of membranes within the eukaryotic cell that is the site of the synthesis of various lipids and site at which potentially harmful substances are detoxified
|
|
|
cytoskeleton
|
a network of protein filaments that functions in cell structure, cell movement, and the transport of materials within the cell. microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules are all parts of cytoskeleton
|
|
|
lysosome
|
an organelle found in animal cells that digests worn out cellular materials and foreign materials that enter the cell
|
|
|
transport vesicle
|
a membrane lined sphere that moves within the cell's endomembrane system, carrying within it proteins or other molecultes
|
|
|
golgi complex
|
a network of membranes, foudn in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells, that processes and distributes proteins that come to it from the rough er
|
|
|
microtubules
|
the largest part of the cytoskeletal filaments
|
|
|
cilia
|
hair like extensions of a cell, composed of microtubules.
|
|
|
flagella
|
he relatively long, tail like extensions of some cells, composed of microtubules, that function in cell movement.
|
|
|
chloroplasts
|
the organelle within plant and algae cells that is the site of photosynthesis
|
|
|
central vacuole
|
a large, watery plant organelle whose functions include maintenece of ell pressure, the storage of nutrients, and the retention and degradation of waste products
|
|
|
cytoplasm
|
the region of a cell inside the plasma membrane and outside the nucleus. usually, this region is filled wihth the jelly like cytosol containing the cells extranuclear organelles
|
|
|
cholesterol
|
a steroid molecule that forms part of the outer membrane of all animal cells and acts as a precursor for many other steroids among them the hormones testosterones and estrogetn
|
|
|
glycocalyx
|
an outer layer of the plasma membrane, composed of short carbohydrate chains that attach to membrane proteins and phospholipid molecules. such chains serve as the actual binding sites on many membrane proteins, tact to lubricate the cell, and can form an adhesion layer that allows one cell to stick to another
|
|
|
phospholipid bilayer
|
a charged lipid molecule composed of two fatty acids, glycerol, and phosphate group.
|
|
|
integral proteins
|
a protein of the plasma membrane that is attached to the membrane's hydrophobic interior
|
|
|
peripheral proteins
|
a protein of the plasma membrane that lies on the inside or outside of the membrane but is not attached to the membrane's hydrophobic interior
|
|
|
receptor protein
|
a protein that generally protrudes from the plasma membrane of a cell that is active in the transmission os signals between cells. receptor proteins, often called receptors, function by binding with signaling molecules such as hormones
|
|
|
transport proteins
|
a protein that forms a hydrophilic channel through the hydrophobic interior of the cell's plasma membrane, allowing hydrophilic materials to pass through the membrane
|
|
|
plasma membrane
|
a membreane forming the outer boundary of many cells, composed of a phospholipid bilayer interpersed with proteins and cholesterol moleules
|
|
|
diffusion
|
the movement of molecules or ions from areas of their higher concentration to areas of their lower concentration. over time, the random movement of molecules will result in the even distribution of the material
|
|
|
concentration gradient
|
a gradient within a given medium defined by the difference between the highest and lowest concentrations of solute. the solute will have a natural tendency to move from the areas of higher concentration to lower, thus diffusing
|
|
|
osmosis
|
the net movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute contration
|
|
|
hypertonic solution
|
a solution that has a high concentration of solutes relative to an adjacent solution
|
|
|
isotonic
|
a solution that has the same concentration of solutes as an adjacent solution
|
|
|
hypotonic solution
|
a solution that has a low concentration of solutes relative to an adjacent solution
|
|
|
active transport
|
transport of materials across the plasma membrane in which energy is expended. through active transport, solutes can be moved against their concentration and electrical gradients. the sodium potassium pump is an example of active transport
|
|
|
passive transport
|
transport of materials across the cell's plasma membrane that involves no expenditure of energy. simple and facilitated diffusion are examples of passive transport
|
|
|
simple diffusion
|
diffusion through the plasma membrane that requires only concentration gradients, as opposed to concentration gradients and special protein channels. water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and steroid hormones can all cross the plasma membrane through simple diffusion
|
|
|
facilitated diffusion
|
a passage of materials through the cell's plasma membrane that is aided by a transport protein
|
|
|
exocytosis
|
the means by which relatively large volumes of materials are moved form the inside of a cell to the outside. in exocytosis, a transport vesicle fuses with cell's plasma membrane, after which the contents of the vesicle are ejected outside the cell
|
|
|
endocytosis
|
the process by which cells bring relatively large materials into themselves through use of transport vesicles
|
|
|
pinocytosis
|
the movement of relatively large materials into a cell by means of the creation of transport vesicles that are produced through an invaginaion of the plasma membrane
|
|
|
phagocytosis
|
the movement of large materials into a cell by means of wrapping extensions of the plasma membrane around the materials and fusing the extensions together . one of two primary forms of endocystosis, the other being pinocytosis
|
