Biology 10 (Respiratory, Skin, Reproductive)

Front 1

Ventilation

Back 1

Movement of air in and out of the lungs

Front 2

Respiration

Back 2

Actual gas exchange

Front 3

Tasks of the Respiratory System (3)

Back 3

1) pH regulation (CO2<-->HCO3)
2) Thermoregulation
3) Protection from disease

Front 4

When you breathe too much, your blood pH is....

Back 4

- Alkaline (>7).
- Expelling lots of CO2, so the system is shifted to the right heavily, which increases blood pH

Front 5

When you breathe too little, your blood pH is...

Back 5

- Acidosis. (<7).
- Don't breathe a lot, there's no need to shift the system to CO2, so there's an acid buildup (H+ and HCO3-)

Front 6

How is Carbon Dioxide Transported? (IMPORTANT EQUATION)

Back 6

H + HCO3- <-> H2CO3 <-> CO2 + H2O

Front 7

Conduction Zone

Back 7

- ONLY Venhilation (moving gas in and out)
- Trachea

Front 8

Respiratory Zone

Back 8

- Gas Exchange
- Aveoli

Front 9

Aveoli

Back 9

Tiny sacs 1 cell thick, have thin walls, covered with capillaries, gas exchange takes place here

Front 10

Surfactant

Back 10

- Aveoli would normally collapse because of surface tension
- Surfactant reduces Surface Tension and prevents collapsed lungs

Front 11

Expiration

Back 11

- Air OUT
- Decreased Lung Volume
- Relaxation of Diaphram
++++ pressure compared to outside so air can exit

Front 12

Inspiration

Back 12

- Diaphram contracts
- Increase volume of chest cavity
- NEGATIVE pressure in lungs causes air to low in and enter lungs/aveoli
- ACTIVE process

Front 13

Cavities of Lungs (3)

Back 13

- Parietal Pleura
- Pleural Space
- Visceral Pleura

Together, they keep lungs inflated and keep lungs from collapsing.

Front 14

Pulmonary Edema

Back 14

- Increase in BP in capillaries, results in fluid in to lungs (normaly prevented by lymphatic vessels)

Front 15

How is Respiration Regulated?

Back 15

- Medulla in the brainstem (it's involuntary)
- pH (breathe too much=alkadosis, breathe too little=acidosis)
- Irritants (coughing)

Front 16

Keratin

Back 16

- When skin cells die, the skin is thickened by the production of this protein
- Helps make us waterproof

Front 17

Melanin

Back 17

Pigment that absorbs UV light and decreases damage incurred

Front 18

Purposes of the Skin (3)

Back 18

- Pathogen protection
- Decreases excess water loss
- Temperature Regulation

Front 19

Testes

Back 19

Male
- Outside body, to maintain optimal temperature for spermatogenesis
- Secretes testosterone

Front 20

Seminal Vessicle

Back 20

- Secrete 60% of semen volume to ejaculatory duct
- Help nourish sperm

Front 21

Prostate Gland

Back 21

Allow sperm to coagulate

Front 22

Spermatogenesis

Back 22

- Synthesis of sperm (2n to n)
- Begins at puberty and continues until death
- Produces 4 spermatids (which mature into spermatozoa)

Front 23

Spermatogonium

Back 23

- Mitotically reproduce before meiosis, replicate DNA
- Gonium = "GONNA" be sperm.

Front 24

Men
Where does 1st Meiotic Division occur?

Back 24

- Between PRIMARY Spermatocyte and the formation of the SECONDARY spermatocyte

Front 25

Men
Where does the 2nd Meiotic Division occur?

Back 25

- Between the SECONDARY spermatocyte and the formation of spermatics (non-mature recombinants)

Front 26

Spermatid

Back 26

Non-mature recombinant, matures into spermatozoa

Front 27

Female
When does Oogenesis begin?

Back 27

- Prenatally
- Develop from Oogonia to PRIMARY oocyte and then stop before Anaphase I

Front 28

Female
At Puberty, what happens?

Back 28

- All the "eggs" have been arrested at primary oocytes
- MEIOSIS 1 happens right as woman menustrates, produces polar body

Front 29

Female
When does Meiosis II Happen?

Back 29

- After fertilization, we release second polar body and form zygote

Front 30

Follicle

Back 30

Also known as a secondary oocyte

Front 31

Ovarian Cycle (3)

Back 31

- Follicular
- Ovulatory
- Luteal

Describes what happens to the actual egg during a woman's monthly cycle

Front 32

Follicular Phase

Back 32

- Primary Follicle matures
- Estrogen produced

Front 33

Ovulatory Phase

Back 33

- Secondary Ooyte released
- Triggered by **LH SURGE**
- Corpus Luteum formed

Front 34

Corpus Luteum

Back 34

- Remnants of follicle
- Secretes progesterone and estrogen at high levels (FSH/LH low)

Front 35

Luteal Phase

Back 35

- Full formation of corpus luteum

Front 36

Uterine Cycle

Back 36

- Menustration
- Proliferative
- Secretory

Describes what happens to the uterine wall during a females cycle

Front 37

Menustration

Back 37

- Triggered by DEGENERATION of corpus luteum (what happens when fertilization doesn't happen)
- Bleeding
- Endomitrium sloughed off

Front 38

Proliferative

Back 38

- Follicle is producing estrogen
- Proliferation of new endomitrium

Front 39

Secretory Phase

Back 39

- After ovulation
- The egg is chilling, and so is the corpus luteum, which is secreting estrogen and progesterone
- Endomitrium still developing