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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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cuticle |
a layer of wax on the upper and lower surfaces of a leaf that blocks the diffusion of gases |
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stomate
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an opening in the surface of a leaf that allows the exchange of gases |
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guard cell |
one of a pair of special cells in the epidermis that surround and control the opening and closing of each stomate
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CELL THEORY
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A theory that all living things are made up of one or more cells; that cells are the basic unit of life and that all cells come from pre-existing cells.
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PROKARYOTES
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Prokaryote cells are those that do not contain a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles; they are unicellular organisms such us bacteria.
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EUKARYOTES
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Eukaryotes cells are those which contain a nucleus and other organelles, each surrounded by a thin membrane; these exist in multicellular organisms and virtually always have specific function. |
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ASEXUAL & SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
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Asexual reproduction is the process of producing offspring from only one parents; the offspring is genetically identical to the parent. Sexual reproduction, however, is the process of producing offspring by the fusion of two gametes; the offspring will have genetic information from each parent. |
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DIFFUSION
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Transport mechanism for chemicals in and out of cell from areas of high concentration to low.
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CONCENTRATION
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The amount of a substance (solute) present in a given volume of solution.
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OSMOSIS
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Movement of a fluid, usually water, across a membrane towards an area of high solute concentration.
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INTERPHASE
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Longest phase of the cell cycle during which the cell performs normal functions & its genetic material is copied in preparation for cell division. |
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CHROMOSOME
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Structure in the cell nucleus made up of a portion of the cell’s DNA, condensed into a structure that is visible under a light microscope.
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CHROMATID
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One of the two identical strands of DNA that make up a chromosome.
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CENTROMERE
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The structure that holds the chromatids together as chromosomes.
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DAUGHTER CELL
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One of the two genetically identical, new cells that result from the division of one parent cell |
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TUMOUR
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A mass of cells that continue to grow and divide without any obvious function in the body.
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BENIGN TUMOUR
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A tumour that does not affect surrounding tissues other than by physically crowding them.
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MALIGNANT TUMOUR
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A tumour that interferes with the functioning of surrounding cells; a cancerous tumour.
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METASTASIS
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The process of cancer cells breaking away from the original (primary) tumour and establishing another (secondary) tumour elsewhere in the body.
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MUTATION |
A random change in DNA.
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CARCINOGEN
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Any environmental factor that causes cancer, e.g. tobacco smoke, radiation (X-rays), UV rays (tanning beds and sun), viruses like hepatitis B and HPV, certain chemicals in plastics, and many organic solvents. |
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Hemopoietic stem cells
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blood and immune cells.
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Mesenchymal stem cells
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bone, connective tissue, muscle cells.
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Neural stem cell
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neurone cells.
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Induced pluripotent stem cells
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the undo cell.
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Pluripotent cells
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can transform into many other cells but not all.
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Unipotent cells
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can transform into one type of cell.
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Totipotent cells
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can differentiate into any cell line. |
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MERISTEMATIC CELL
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An undifferentiated plant cell that can divide and differentiate to form specialized tissue. Located at the tips of roots and shoots and in the stems of woody plants.
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Apical meristem
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undifferentiated cells at the tips of plant roots and shoots. cells that divide, enabling the plant to grow longer and develop specialized tissues.
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Lateral meristem
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undifferentiated cells under the park in the stems and roots or woody plants. cells that divide, enabling the plant to grow wider and develop specialized tissue.
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VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION
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The process in which a plant produces genetically identical offspring from its roots or shoots.
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TISSUE CULTURE PROPAGATION
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A method of growing many identical offspring by obtaining individual plant cells from one parent plant, growing these cells into calluses, and then into whole plants. |
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totipotent
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capable of differentiating into any cell line. Embryonic stem cell
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Pluripotent
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Capable of differentiating into a limited number of cell lines.
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unipotent
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capable of differentiating into one cell line
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stem cell
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cell that can duplicate itself
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