Biology 10

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bond which links an already covalently bonded hydrogen atom with an electronegative atom

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hydrogen bond

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atoms or molecules that have been set loose that can cause damage to the bodie that can range from cancer to heart problems

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free radicals

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the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of a substance by 1 degree celsius

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specific heat

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compunds that will interact with water

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hydrophilic

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molecules that dont interact with water

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hydrophobic

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any substance that yields hydrogen ions when put in aqueous solution

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acid

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any substance that accepts hydrogen ions

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base

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physiological systems that function to keep ph within normal limits

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buffering system

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a branch of chemistry devoted to the study of compounds that have carbon as their central element

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organic chemistry

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molecules that are the same in their chemical formulas, but differ in the spatial arrangment of their elements

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isomers

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a group of atoms that confers a special property on a carbon based molecule

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functional group

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a large molecule made of many similar or identical subunits.

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polymer

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a small molecule that can be combined with other similar or identical molecules to make polymers

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monomer

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organic molecules that always contain carbon, oxygen and hydrogen

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carbohydrates

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building blocks for the carbohydrates

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monosaccharides\simple sugars

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a complex carbohydrate found in plants that exists in the form of such foods like potatoes, rice carrots and corn

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starch

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serves as the primary form of carbohydrates storage in animals

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glycogen

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a rigid complex carbohydrate contained in the cell wall of many organisms. makes up the natural world

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cellulose

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a complex carbohydrate that forms the external skeleton of the arthopods

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chitin

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a class of biological molecules whose defining characteristic is their relative insolubility in water

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lipids

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a lipid molecule formed from three fatty acids bonded to glycerol

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triglyceride

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a molecule found in many lipids that is composed of a hydrocarbon cahin bonded to a carboxyl group

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fatty acids

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a fatty acid with no double bond between the carbon atoms of its hydrocarbon chain

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saturated fatty acid

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a fatty acid with two or more bonds between carbon atoms

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polyunsaturated fatty acid

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liquid form of fatty acids

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oil

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a steroid molecules that forms part of the outer membrane of all animal cells, and that acts as a precursor for many other steroids

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cholesterol

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a phosphorus atom surrounded by four oxygen atoms

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phosphate group

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a charged lipid molecule composed of two fatty acids, glycerol, and a phophate group

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phospholipids

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a series of amino acids linked in linear fashion.

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polypeptide

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when a polypeptide cahin folds up in a specific three dimensional manner

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protein

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a common secondary structure of proteins, has a shape much like a corkscrew

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alpha helix

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a molecule that is a combination of lipids and proteins

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lipoprotein

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combinations of proteins and carbohydrates

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glycoproteins

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the primary information bearing molecule of life, composed of two linked chains of nucleotides

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DNA/ deoxyribonucleic

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a molecule composed of nucleotides that is active in the synthesis of proteins.

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RNA/ribonucleic acid

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cells who primary complement of DNA is enclosed within a nucleus

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eukaryotic cells

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cells whose DNA is not enclosed with a nucleus

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prokaryotic cells

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a highly organized structure, internal to a cell that serves some specialized function

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organelle

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a protein rich, jelly like fluid in which the cells organelles are immersed

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cytosol

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the outer lining of the cell

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plasma membrane

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the region of the cell inside the plasma membarne but outside the nucleus

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cytoplasm

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the double membrane that lines the nucleus in eukaryotic cells

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nuclear envelope

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an organelle that serves as the site of protein synthesis in the cell

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ribosomes

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a network of membranes that aids in processing of proteins in eukaryotic cells.

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rough endoplasmic reticulum

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the area within the nucleus of a cell devoted to the production of ribosomal RNA

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nucleus

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the membrane lined spheres that move within this network and other molecules

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transport vesicles

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an interactive group of membrane lined organelles and transport vesicles within eukaryotic cells

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endomembrane system

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a network of membranes that processes and distributes proteins that come to it from the rough endoplasmic reticulum

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the golgi complex

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a network of membranes that is the site of the synthesis of various lipids, and a site at which potentially harmful substances are detoxified within the cell

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smooth endoplasmic reticulum

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a organelle found in animal cells that digest wornout cellular materials and foreign materials that enter the cell

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lysosomes

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organelles that are the primary sites of energy conversion in eukaryotic cells

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mitochondria

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a network of filaments that fuctions in cell structure, cell movement and the transport of materials within the cell

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cytoskeleton

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the most slinder of the cytoskeleton fibers, which are made of the protein actin and serves as a support filament in almost all eukaryotic cells

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microfilaments

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filaments of the cytoskeleton intermediate in diameter between microfilaments and microtubules

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intermediate filaments

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the largest of the cytoskeleton filaments taking the form of tubes composed of the protein tubulin

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microtubules

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plants have an outer protective lining that makes their plasma membrane just inside it, look rather thin and frail by comparison

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cell wall

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a large watery plant organelle that has many functions, among them the storage of nutrients and the retention and degradation of waste products

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central vacuole

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the organelle that is the site of photosynthesis in plant andalgae cells

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chloroplast

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communication between plnat cells takes place quite readily however through a series of tiny channels in the plant cell wall

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plasmodesmata

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protein assemblage that forms a communication channel between adjacent animal cells

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gap junction

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a cheif component of the plasma membrane composed of two layers of phospholipids arranges with their fatty acid chains pointing toward each other

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phospholipid bilayer

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that are bound to the membranes hydrophobic interior

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integral proteins

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plasma membrane proteins that lie on either side of the membrane but that are not bound to its hydrophobic interior

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peripheral

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a plasma membrane protein that binds with a signaling molecule

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receptor protein

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proteins that facilitate the movement of molecles or ions from one side of the plasma membrane to the other

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transport proteins

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an outer layer of the plasma membrane composed of short carbohydrate chains that attach to membrane proteins and phospholipid molecules

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glyocalyx

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a membrane forming the outer boundary of many cells,composed of a phospholipid bilayer that is interspersed with proteins and cholesterol and coated on its exterior face with carbohydrates

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plasma membrane

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the movement of molecules or ions from a region of their higher concentration to a region of lower concentration

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diffusion

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the net movement of water across a smipermeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher concentration

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osmosis

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a fluid that has a higher concentration of solutes than another

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hypertonic soution

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the difference between the highest and lowest concentration of a solute within a given medium

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concentration gradient

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two solutions that have equal concentrations of solutes

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isotonic

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a fluid that has a lower concentration than another

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hypotonic

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any movement of of molecules or ions across a cell membrane that requires expenditure of energy

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active transport

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diffusion through a cell membrane that does not require a special protein channel

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simple diffusion

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passage of materials through the plasma membrane that is aided by a concentration gradient and a transport protein

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facilitated diffusion

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the movement of materials out of the cell through a fusion of a vesicle with the plasma membrane

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exocytosis

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the movement of relatively large materials into the cell by infolding of the plasma membrane.

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endocytosis

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a form of endoctosis that brings into the cell a small volume of extracellular fluid and the materials suspended in it

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pinocytosis

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depends on receptors whose role is to bind to specific molecules and then hold onto them

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receptor mediated endocytosis

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bringing relatively large materials into a cell by means of wrapping extensions of the plasma membrane around the materials and fusing the extensions together

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phagocytosis

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energy in motion as with the rock tumbling down a hill

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kinetic energy

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reactions in which the starting set of molecules contains more energy than the final set of molecules

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exergonic reaction

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reactions in which the prodcts contain more energy than the reactants

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endergonic

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a chemical reaction in which an exergoinic reaction powers an endergonic reaction

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coupled reaction

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a type of protein that accelerates a chemical reaction

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enzyme

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a set of enzymatically controlled steps that results in the completion of a product or process in an organism

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metabolic pathway

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the sum of all the chemical reactions that a cell or larger organism carries out

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metabolism

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substances that retain their original chemical composition while bringing about a change in a substrate

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catalyst

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the prtion of an enzyme that binds with and transforms a substrate

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active site