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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the three types of neurons and what do they do?
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sensory neurons or afferent neurons = carry information from receptors to the CNS
Motor neurons or eferent neurons = carry infromation from the CNS to the effectors Interneurons = connect neurons for complex interactions |
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What is the CNS?
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the central nervous system or the brain and spinal cord
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What is the PNS?
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the peripheral nevous system or the afferent and efferent neurons
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What are the types of efferent neurons?
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somatic neurons or skeltal cells
autonomic neurons or smooth and cardiac muscles or glands sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions |
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What is the structure of a neuron and their function?
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dendrites and cell body receives information and triggers an impuls that is conducted away towards an axon
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What are neuroglia?
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oligodendrocytes in CNS and schwann cells in PNS that myelinate the axons
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What does signaling in the nervous system involve?
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1. activation of sensory receptors
2. electrical impulses 3. synaptic signaling through NT |
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What is RMP?
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it is resting membrane potential and all cells have it
it is a difference in charges across a membrane and the inside is usually negatively charged |
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What is graded potential?
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chemical signal or NT opens ion channels
the more NT = more effect it has negative potential = inhibitory and positive potential is excitatory |
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What is meant by polarized?
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seperation of charges across a membrane
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What is depolarize?
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moving from the inside of a cell or negative charge to a positive charge outside of the cell
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What is hyperpolarize?
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moving from inside of cell or negative charge to an even more negative charge
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hat are action potentials?
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all or none (not graded)
always follow the same pattern occur in axons only occurs if threshold is met and the stiumulus is electrical |
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How is an action potential generated?
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it is stimulated by an electrical charge and include the opening of a voltage-gated ion channel
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What are the steps for an action potential?
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1resting membrane potential
2voltage gated sodium ion channels open 3lots of sodium enters cell causing + charge or depolarization 4 sodium channels close and potassium channels open 5 potassium leaves cells quickly and repolarization and often hyperpolarization occurs |
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What is the propogation of action potentials?
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POSITIVE CHARGES FLOWS TO NEIGHBORING AREA AND REGENERATES THE ACTION POTENTIAL
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What is saltatory conduction in an action potential?
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myleinated neurons and AP conduction only occurs at nodes of ranvier as they jump from node to node
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What happens when an action potential reaches an axon terminal?
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it causes the release of NT at the synaptic cleft or gap
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What is the structure of a synapse?
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intercellular junctions with axon terminals containing vesicles with loads of NT
AP cause exocytosis of the NT as the NT cross cleft and bind to receptors of postsynaptic neuron include a narrowing space seperating two cells called the synaptic cleft or gap presynaptic = cell releasing NT postsynaptic = cell receiving NT |
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What is acetylcholine and its function?
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its an excitatory postsynaptic potential por EPSP that depolarized cells and brings axons close to AP
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What is Glutamate?
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neurotransmitter EPSP in the CNS
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What are glycine and GABA?
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neurotransmitter IPSP that hyperpolarizes cell and makes AP in axons less likely
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What is synaptic integration?
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epsp'S MOVE TOGETHER TO GET CLOSER TO THRESHOLD and IPSP's subtract
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What are the differences between the flatworm and vertebrate brains?
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flatworm = centralization of neurons with peripheral nerves
vertebrates = hindbrain present in early verts with control over motor activity |
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What is the basic function of the hindbrain?
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breathing
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What are the basic function of the midbrain?
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reflexes involving eyes and ears
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What is the basic function of the forebrain?
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dominant portion especially in mammals and includes the CEREBRUM!
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What is the cerebrum?
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a portion of the forebrain
functions as center for correlation, association and learning |
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What are the four regions of the cerebrum?
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basal ganglia, corpus callosum, hippocampus, and cerebral cortex
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What do the four regions of the cerebrum control?
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Basal ganglia controls motor control and whether you get parkinson's disease
hippocampus controls memory and emotion cerebral cortex controls higher functions |
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What does the autonomic nervous system control?
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it controls the cardiac, smooth muscle, and glands
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What subdivisions are included in the ANS?
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parasympathetic or rest and digest
and sympathetic or fight or flight and helps body respond to stress |
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What does the somatic nervous system control?
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it controls skeletal muscle, generates AP in muscles as AP causes muscle contraction
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