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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the functions of the circulatory system?
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transport oxygen and nutrients to tissues via arterial blood
take co2 and wates away from tissues for elimination regulate hormone transport and temperature regulation = blood circulates towards surface of body to cool the body temperature protection from the immune system and blood clotting |
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Describe the flow of blood through the blood vessels?
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blood leaves the heart via the arteries
branches into the arterioles branch into the small/thin cappilaries and blood returns to the heart through venules that lead into veins |
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What are arteries and arterioles?
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smooth muscle vasocontricts
decrease blood flow smooth muscle vasodilates increase blood flow |
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Which one flows away from the heart?
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arteries carry oxygenated blood from the heart
veins carry deoxygenated blood to the heart |
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What are venules and veins?
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less smooth muscle
lower pressure as skeletal muscles squeez the veins making blooid flow |
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In order to deliver much needed oxygen and nutrients to different places in the body what kinds of organisms have evolved to accomodate their circulatory and respiratory systems?
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fish, amphibians and reptiles, and mammilian and bird
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What is unique about the fish heart?
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chambered heart
sinus venosus and atrium = collecting chambers ventricle and conus arteriosus = pumping chambers one circulation |
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What is unique about amphibian and reptilian hearts?
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two circulations
pulmonary circulation = between heart and lungs systemic circulation = between heart and the rest of the body |
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Whaty is unique about the mammilian and bird heart?
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four chambered heart
two venticles and two atriums right atrium and ventricle collect deoxygenated blood from the rest of the body and pump it to the lungs left atrium and ventricle pump oxygenated blood from lungs to the rest of the body |
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What causes electrical excitation and the contraction of the heart?
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elecrtrical signals or action potentials in heart cause contraction of muscle at the sinoatrial node = site of heartbeat
sinoatrial node = spontaneous AP conduction goes through the rest of the heart |
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What is stroke volume?
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blood volume / heart beat
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What does the SA do?
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produces spontaneous depolarizations that is transmitted through the rest of the heart to contract
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What is cardiac output?
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blood volume pumped per minute
C.O. = heart rate x stroke volume 70bpm x 70ml/beat = C.O. |
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How is heart rate determined?
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it is determined by the number of AP at the sinoatrial node SA
it can depend on SNS electrolytes like K+ and thyroid hormone |
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What is stroke volume influenced by?
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volume of blood and strength of contraction (SNS increase strength of contraction)
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What does arterial blood pressure depend on?
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cardiac output and resistance to flow
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What are some influences of hypertension?
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obesity
stress smoking others |
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What is cardiovascular disease?
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it is the leading cause of death in the U.S. and it includes:
angina pectoris = chest pains due to insufficient blood flow to the heart heart attacks = blocked arteries strokes = interference with blood supply to the brain and damage resulting in fibrillation or an irregular heart beat or unsyncronized contraction of heart muscle atherosclerosis = accumulation of fatty materials and cellulose debris due to smoking high cholesterol or genetics arterioschleosis = hardening of the arteries and occurs when calcium deposits on the arterial walls and with severe atheroschlerosis |
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What is internal and external respiration?
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internal = aerobic respiration = glucose and O2 = = water, CO2 and ATP
external = movement or exchange of gases between the cells of the organism and environment |
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What is the principle for gas exchange between an organsim and its environment?
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exchange of O2 and CO2 between an organism and its environment
maximized: increase in concentration gradient increase in surface area and decrease in distance that the diffusing gases must travel |
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How do animals maximize their rate of diffusion?
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by beating cilia to produce water current
and by bringing ecternal environment closer to internal environment by increasing the surface area of the respiratory organs |
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What do external gills do for fish?
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they provide a large surface area for gas exchange
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How is water brought in to the gill?
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the mouth of the fish is opened and water is brought in through the buccal cavity
then the mouth is closed and the operculum is opened which then moves water past gills and in right direction gills are great at extracting oxygen from water |
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What is ram ventilation?
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it is swimming with the mouth opened
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Why would gills be replaced in terrestrial organisms?
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terrestrial organsims the gills would collapse = air is less buoyant than water
gills rely on water for their support water diffuses into air through evaporation would allow a larger surface area for more lose of water through evaporation |
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What are the main organs replaced by the gills in the terrestrial organism?
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the trachea and lungs
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Describe amphibian lungs?
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lungs = outpouching of the gut which forces air into the lungs from the buccal cavity
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Describe reptilian lungs?
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expand rib cage creating a vacuum and forcing air into their lungs
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In mammals when air is brought in what structures does air pass through?
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first the trachea bronchi and bronchioles
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What are mammilian lungs filled with?
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alveoli that are tiny sacs clustered like grapes
add more surface area to the lungs that allow a larger surface area for gas exchange |
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Describe respiration in birds and where gas exchange takes places?
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gas exchange = parabronchi
air enters through posterior airsacs and to the parabronchi and out through anterior airsacs and out through the trachea |
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What is boyle's law of the mechanics of breathing?
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volume of a given quantity of gas increases the pressure of the gas decreases
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What are the steps in respiration?
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1 bring air into the lungs
2 through diffusion oxygen is taken from the air and into the blood 3 transport of O2 through arterial blood 4 through diffusion O2 is delivered to tissues 5 CO2 is picked up from tissues 6 CO2 is transported in venous blood 7 get CO2 out of blood and into air through diffusion 8 CO2 is exhaled |
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What is gas exchange?
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diffusion of gas down gradient
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What is hemoglobin?
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protein with four subunits and an iron center at each heme group
\\it loads up with O2 in the lungs in a reverse reaction called oxyhemoglobin |
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What is a problem with CO poisoning and hemoglobin
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hemoglobin can readily bind to CO2 and CO and cause there to be no place for O2 to bind
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Describe CO2 transport?
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10% of of CO2 is dissolved in plasma
20% binds to hemglobin 70% is diffused in to RBC where bicarbonate is produced to serve as a buffer for the acid base balance of the blood |
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What is the importance of atmospheric pressure?
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it determines the amount of gas in air or liquid
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What happens to air at high altitudes?
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atmospheric pressure is low and there is not a lot of O2 in the air
keep in mind deep sea diving and the bends |
