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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the four levels of organization in the vertebrate body?
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cells
tissues organs organ systems |
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What are tissues?
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they are groups of cells similar in structure and function
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What are the three germ layers that embryotic tissue differentiates itself into when it is a growing embryo?
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endoderm inner
mesoderm middle ectoderm outer |
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What are the four primary adult vertebrate tissues?
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muscle
connective nerve epithelial |
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What is the function of the epithelium?
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cover surfaces of body
provide slective barrier for skin and lungs secretion and absorption and glands |
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What are the two types of connective tissue?
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loose connective and dense connective
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What is loose connective tissue?
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they are scattered cells that include fibroblasts and adipose cells
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What is dense connective tissue?
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collagen fibers, and strong flexible connects that include tendons and ligaments, organs, muscles and nerve coverings
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What is cartilage?
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a special connective tissue
long firm but flexible fibers found in discs, joints, ears, nose and trachea |
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What is bone?
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special connective tissue
provides rigid support for muscle attachment...skeleton |
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What is blood?
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special connective tissue
erythrocytes or RBC that use hemoglobin for oxygen transport leukocytes or WBC that are used for immune function |
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Where is voluntary contraction found?
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in the skeletal system
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Where is involuntary contraction found?
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in smooth and cardiac muscles
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What is included in smooth muscle?
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internal organs, blood vessels, etc.
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What is included in skeletal muscle?
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attacged to tendons/bones and allows skeleton to move
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What is the cardiac muscle?
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cells joined at gap junctions
and form single functioning unit |
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What are the actions of the skeletal muscles?
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attached to bones by tendons
produce movement when the muscles contract |
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What is a muscle composed of?
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composed of muscle fibers or cells made up of myofibrils
myofibrils made up of thick and thin myofilaments that are composed of actin = thin and myosin = thick |
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What is a sarcomere?
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smallest subunit of muscle contraction
overlapping arrangement leads to striated appearance thin filaments are connected at Z lines |
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When/how does muscle contract?
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muscle contract when thick filaments (myosin) grabs thin filaments (actin) and slide them inward bringing the z lines closer together
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What happens when a nerve stimulates the action potential in a muscle?
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causes Ca++ to enter the cytoplasm
initiates contact between thick and thin filaments sliding of filaments requires ATP |
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What are neurons?
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specialized cells
used to conduct and produce electrical impulses |
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What are neuroglia?
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nerve tissues
eliminate foreign materials and support and insulate neurons |
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What are some types of neurons?
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sensory = collects information
motor = muscle contraction interneuron = connects neurons to each other in the brain and spinal cord |
