Biol 559: Endocrinology, Exam 1

Front 1

Classical endo organs
(7)

Back 1

Pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, adrenals, gonads, placenta, pineal
(make up the)

Front 2

Non-classical endo organs (7)

Back 2

Brain, adipose, skin, heart, GI tract, liver, kidneys

Front 3

3 features of a hormone

Back 3

produced by organ in small amounts,
released into blood stream,
transported to a distant organ to exert some action

Front 4

Tropic hormones

Back 4

affect other endo organs

Front 5

nontropic hormones
(target)

Back 5

non-endo organs
(are affected by this type of hormone)

Front 6

Classes of hormones (5)

Back 6

amines, polypeptides, proteins, steroids, arachidonic acid derivatives.

Front 7

thyroid hormones
(are this class of hormones)

Back 7

amines
(include this classical endo organ's hormones)

Front 8

Classification of TRH

Back 8

polypeptide (3 aas)

Front 9

Classification of TSH

Back 9

protein

Front 10

Classification of prostaglandins

Back 10

Arachidonic acid derivatives

Front 11

Prohormone

Back 11

has an amino terminus sequence that needs trimmed for activation.

Front 12

Preprohormone

Back 12

has an internal cleavage site that must be cut to generate two active molecules.

Front 13

Circhoral

Back 13

released with a frequency of about 1 hour.

Front 14

Ultradian

Back 14

released at intervals longer than 1 hour but less than 24 hours.

Front 15

Circadian

Back 15

released at an interval of about 24 hours.

Front 16

Quotidian (diurnal)

Back 16

release generally occurs each day.

Front 17

Circatrigintan

Back 17

release occurs approximately every 30 days.

Front 18

Circannual (seasonal)

Back 18

release takes place on a yearly basis.

Front 19

Inhibitory control

Back 19

When one hormone must be suppressed to allow another to act.

Front 20

Have unknown ligands

Back 20

Orphan nuclear receptors.

Front 21

Kinases that turn on NRs (5)

Back 21

CDK,
MapK,
PKC,
PKA,
AKT / PKB

Front 22

ANGEL

Back 22

Activator of nongenomic estrogen-like signaling.

Front 23

Serm

Back 23

Selectively active estrogen response factors.

Front 24

ELISA

Back 24

enzyme-linked imunosorbent assay.

Front 25

Frog skin bioassay
(tests upregulation of this hormone)

Back 25

MSH
(upregulation can be tested via this assay)

Front 26

Nb2 lymphoma cell bioassay tests binding of a molecule to which receptor?

Back 26

Prolactin

Front 27

Who is Yalow?

Back 27

Got NP in 1977 for competition assay.

Front 28

What are the two radiolabels often used to tag stuff?

Back 28

125I and 3H

Front 29

Membrane crossing hormones
(the classes)

Back 29

Steroids, Thyroids
(can interact with cells by)

Front 30

Volume of plasma cleared of hormone per unit time:

Back 30

Metabolic clearance rate:

Front 31

Metabolic control:

Back 31

When a prohormone is metabolized to become active:

Front 32

AP

Back 32

Anterior pituitary

Front 33

PP

Back 33

Posterior pituitary

Front 34

Nuclei that connect with
the posterior pituitary

Back 34

supraoptic nucleus (SON) and
paraventricular nucleus (PVN)

Front 35

SON

Back 35

Supraoptic nucleus

Front 36

PVN

Back 36

Paraventricular nucleus

Front 37

Hypophysis

Back 37

Pituitary gland

Front 38

Pars distalis

Back 38

Anterior lobe of the adenohypophysis.

Front 39

Neurohypophysis

Back 39

Posterior pituitary, neural component.

Front 40

Adenohypophysis

Back 40

Anterior pituitary, glandular component.

Front 41

pituitary gland
(is made up of two parts, what are their complex names)

Back 41

Adenohypophysis and
neurohypophysis
(are two parts of the)

Front 42

Pars intermedia

Back 42

Intermediate lobe of the adenohypophysis

Front 43

Pars nervosa

Back 43

Posterior lobe of the neurohypophysis

Front 44

Oral ectoderm

Back 44

Roof of primitive mouth

Front 45

Neuroectoderm

Back 45

Base of developing diencephalon.

Front 46

Part of the pituitary derived from nervous tissue

Back 46

Posterior pituitary.

Front 47

Hormones released by posterior pituitary

Back 47

Oxytocin and Vasopressin

Front 48

Where posterior pit hormones are made

Back 48

Paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus

Front 49

Name for transport of oxytocin and vasopressin between hypothalamus and pituitary

Back 49

Axonal transport

Front 50

Where oxytocin and vasopressin are released into general circulation

Back 50

Terminal buttons, found in the posterior pituitary

Front 51

Part of the pituitary affected by hypothalamic-releasing and hypothalamic-inhibiting hormones

Back 51

Anterior pituitary

Front 52

Portal system of hypothalamus and anterior pituitary carry which hormones?

Back 52

All the releasing and inhibiting hormones.

Front 53

Gonadotropin RH
(causes the release of)

Back 53

FSH, LH

Front 54

FSH and LH target

Back 54

Ovaries and testes

Front 55

FSH and LH target the ovaries and testes and result in their production of

Back 55

Androgens and estrogen

Front 56

Corticotropin RH causes the release of

Back 56

Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)

Front 57

ACTH targets

Back 57

Adrenal gland

Front 58

ACTH targets the adrenal gland and results in production of

Back 58

Cortisol

Front 59

Thyrotropin RH causes the release of

Back 59

TSH, prolactin

Front 60

TSH and prolactin target the

Back 60

Thyroid gland

Front 61

TSH and prolactin
(target the thyroid to cause production of)

Back 61

Thyroxine
(is generated by the thyroid under stimulation of these two hormones)

Front 62

GRH and GIH control the release of

Back 62

Growth hormone

Front 63

Growth hormone targets

Back 63

Cells throughout the body

Front 64

Prolactin RH causes the release of prolactin which targets the

Back 64

Bones, breasts, thyroid, and cells of the body

Front 65

This integrates the activities of the endocrine and nervous systems and is the core of the endocrine system

Back 65

Hypothalamic-pituitary axis

Front 66

Glial elements of the posterior pituitary

Back 66

Pituicytes

Front 67

An endocrine organ considered to be an extension of the hypothalamus

Back 67

Posterior pituitary gland

Front 68

Composition of the posterior pituitary gland

Back 68

Pituicytes, unmyelinated nerve fibers, and the axon terminals of neurons that originated in the supraoptic or paraventricular hypothalamic nuclei

Front 69

OT

Back 69

Oxytocin

Front 70

AVP

Back 70

Arginine vasopressin

Front 71

ADH

Back 71

Antidiuretic hormone

Front 72

Another name for arginine vasopressin (AVP)

Back 72

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Front 73

Peptide hormones of the posterior pituitary

Back 73

Oxytocin and arginine vasopressin

Front 74

Kind of bond that forms loops in OT and ADH

Back 74

Cysteine bonds

Front 75

Number of peptides in OT and ADH

Back 75

9

Front 76

Half-life of OT and ADH in blood

Back 76

< 5 minutes

Front 77

Organs that remove OT and ADH from blood

Back 77

Liver, kidney, brain

Front 78

State of travel of OT and ADH in blood

Back 78

Unchaperoned

Front 79

Oxytocin, targeting the mammary gland, causes

Back 79

Milk ejection

Front 80

Oxytocin targets what during pregnancy to what effect?

Back 80

The smooth muscle of the uterus to increase contraction

Front 81

This hormone may help establish maternal behavior

Back 81

Oxytocin

Front 82

This hormone is generated by males and is present at ejaculation

Back 82

Oxytocin

Front 83

Stress may inhibit the release of this hormone

Back 83

Oxytocin

Front 84

Physical stimulation can help generate production of this hormone

Back 84

Oxytocin

Front 85

Suckling can inhibit release of this hormone

Back 85

Oxytocin

Front 86

The precursor to the hormone that targets the mammary glands and uterus, and where it is processed

Back 86

Prepro-oxyphysin, processed on it's traverse to the posterior pituitary

Front 87

Two products of prepro-oxyphysin processing

Back 87

OT, Neurophysin I

Front 88

Neurophysin I
(origin, location, and function)

Back 88

Comes from oxytocin precursor; stored in secretory vesicles with oxytocin and released with oxytocin, biological action is unclear
(what hormone is this)

Front 89

Oxytocin's mechanism of action

Back 89

Recognized by a G-protein coupled membrane receptor,
activates IP3/Ca2+ pathways,
calcium rises,
kinases are activated,
myosin / actin contraction stimulated.

Front 90

Affect of ADH on kidneys (general)

Back 90

Water retention

Front 91

Affect of '''excess ADH'''

Back 91

Arteriole restriction, increased arteriole blood pressure

Front 92

Regulatory mechanism of ADH

Back 92

Plasma osmolality

Front 93

Location of osmoreceptors

Back 93

Hypothalamus

Front 94

Clinical result of lacking ADH

Back 94

Hypothalamic diabetes insipidus

Front 95

Clinical result of lacking ADH response

Back 95

Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

Front 96

Definition of insipid

Back 96

Boring, uneffective

Front 97

Indicator of hypothalamic diabetes insipidus or nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

Back 97

Increased urine output

Front 98

Precursor of arginine vasopressin

Back 98

Prepro-pressophysin

Front 99

Products of processing prepro-pressophysin

Back 99

AVP, neurophysin II, and a glycoprotein (maybe?)

Front 100

AVP's mechanims of action

Back 100

Binds to receptors in renal tubules,
increased solute uptake in ascending loop of Henle,
increased water permeability in distal convoluted tubule,
increased water permeability in collecting duct.
Ultimately, urine production decreases.

Front 101

The three AVP receptors

Back 101

VR1, VR2, VR3

Front 102

ADH receptors are what type of membrane receptors

Back 102

G-protein coupled

Front 103

VR1 and VR2 (ADH receptors) use this secondary messenger

Back 103

cAMP

Front 104

VR1 is a receptor for which hormone and uses what type of molecular mechanismr?

Back 104

ADH, IP3 / Ca++ pathway activation

Front 105

Affects of VR receptors and ADH stimulation

Back 105

VD1: vasoconstriction
VD2: aquaporin insertion in membrane, permeability rises, urine flow decreases
VD3: stimulation of adrenocorticotropin release

Front 106

ADH receptor found in the kidney

Back 106

VR2

Front 107

ADH receptor found in the anterior pituitary

Back 107

VR3

Front 108

ADH receptor found in all tissues except the kidney

Back 108

VR1

Front 109

Actions of ADH other than antidiuresis

Back 109

Stimulate ACTH secretion,
promote glycogen to glycogen-phosphate conversion in liver,
facilitate memory consolidation and retrieval, and
vasoconstriction
(can all be caused by this hormone)

Front 110

2003 Nobel prize in Chemistry

Back 110

Peter Agre, JHs, aquaporins;
MacKinnon, Rockefeller, ion channels.

Front 111

This part of the heart detects high blood pressure

Back 111

heart atrial volume receptors

Front 112

Central diabetes insipidus is caused by

Back 112

An AVP deficiency

Front 113

Symptoms of central diabetes insipidus include

Back 113

Frequent urination, inability to produce concentrated urine, and excessive thirst

Front 114

Polyuria is defined as

Back 114

Frequent urination

Front 115

Genetic defects in AVP or a dysfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitary complex would result in

Back 115

Central diabetes insipidus

Front 116

Treatment for central diabetes insipidus

Back 116

A specific VR2 agonist, longer half-life of AVP, more-potent-than-natural AVP supplement

Front 117

Peripheral diabetes insipidus is caused by

Back 117

Hyporesponsivness of the kidney to AVP

Front 118

Genetic defects of the AVP receptor or injury to the kidneys can result in

Back 118

diabetes isipidus

Front 119

Symptoms of peripheral diabetes insipidus

Back 119

Frequent urination, inability to produce concentrated urine, and excessive thirst

Front 120

Treatment for peripheral diabetes insipidus

Back 120

give antidiuretic drug chlorpropamide (sulphylourea) which increases
kidney tubule sensitivity to AVP.

Front 121

Chlorpropamide

Back 121

Also called sulphylourea, increases kidney tubule sensitivity to AVP.

Front 122

How to treat missing or defective hormones
(what and how)

Back 122

Administer supplements; orally if small, injection if large
(in the case of)

Front 123

How to treat missing or defective hormone receptor

Back 123

Gene therapy, supplement with downstream molecules.

Front 124

SIADH

Back 124

Syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion

Front 125

Excess ADH as seen in SIADH leads to

Back 125

Water retention, from mild to severe (convulsions, coma, death)
(can be seen because of excess of ADH ins what disease)

Front 126

Treatment for excessive ADH

Back 126

Control water intake,
Decrease central AVP release (e.g. Naloxone),
Block AVP action on the kidney (e.g. Demeclocycline)

Front 127

Naloxone

Back 127

Decreases central AVP release

Front 128

Demeclocycline

Back 128

Blocks AVP action in the kidney

Front 129

Potential causes of ADH excess (SIADH) include

Back 129

anesthetics; drugs (nicotine, narcotics); some tumors secrete ADH-like substances

Front 130

Two drugs that can increase ADH release are

Back 130

Nicotine and narcotics

Front 131

Corticotropes generate

Back 131

ACTH

Front 132

TSH (is generated by these cells)

Back 132

Thyrotropes (generate this hormone)

Front 133

LH and FSH are generated by

Back 133

Gonadotropes

Front 134

GH is generated by

Back 134

Somatropes

Front 135

Prolactin is generated by

Back 135

Lactotropes

Front 136

The five cell populations of the anterior pituitary

Back 136

Gonadotropes, Corticotropes, Thyrotropes, Lactotropes, and Somatropes

Front 137

A 191 aa hormone

Back 137

Growth hormone
(length)

Front 138

A 198 aa hormone

Back 138

Prolactin

Front 139

Length of adrenocorticotrophic hormone

Back 139

39 aas

Front 140

Regulates lactation

Back 140

Prolactin

Front 141

Growth hormone regulates this

Back 141

Linear growth

Front 142

Function of ACTH

Back 142

Regulate adrenal function

Front 143

This hormone regulates the thyroid

Back 143

TSH

Front 144

Function of LH

Back 144

Regulates corpus luteum formation,
estrogen / progesterone secretion, and
androgen secretion

Front 145

Function of FSH

Back 145

Regulates ovarian follicle growth and spermatogenesis

Front 146

Name the 5 anterior pituitary trophic hormones

Back 146

GH, TSH, LH, FSH, PRL

Front 147

The three members of the GH / PRL superfamily

Back 147

GH, PRL, and chorionic somatotrophin (CS)

Front 148

Mechanism by which GH, PRL, and CS came about

Back 148

Gene duplication of GH.

Front 149

(name) the two systems that control the organs

Back 149

(function of) endocrine and nervous systems

Front 150

Unlike ponds, endo glands are

Back 150

ductless

Front 151

non-classical endo organs (8)

Back 151

GI tract, uterus, brain, skin, heart, liver, kidneys, adipose tissue

Front 152

what is the criteria for being a "non-classical" endo organ?

Back 152

primary function is not endocrine in nature.

Front 153

Features of endocrine glands (3)

Back 153

ductless, well vascularized, small

Front 154

Characteristics of an hormone (3)

Back 154

Produced in small amounts,
released into blood stream,
transported to a distant organ to exert some action.

Front 155

Tropic hormones target

Back 155

endo organs

Front 156

non-tropic hormones target

Back 156

non endo organs / tissues.

Front 157

This hormone is both tropic and nontropic

Back 157

Growth hormone

Front 158

Two classes of hormones that can come from a single amino acid

Back 158

Amines, thyroid hormones (tyrosine)

Front 159

Prostaglandins are hormones of which class?

Back 159

Arachadonic acid derivatives

Front 160

Prohormone has

Back 160

an amino terminus sequence that gets cleaved off for activation

Front 161

Preprohormone
(has a cleavage site where)

Back 161

internal cleavage site
(is posessed by this type of peptide hormone precursor)

Front 162

Preprohormones and prohormones
(apply to what 2 classes of hormones)

Back 162

Peptide / protein hormones
(have what two entities as precursors)

Front 163

Peptide / protein hormones obtain secondary structure where in the cell?

Back 163

As it proceeds from the ER to the golgi.

Front 164

Tyrosine and cholesterol are needed for production of which classes of proteins?

Back 164

thyroids and steroids

Front 165

Amine and protein transport method

Back 165

Free floating in blood (classes of hormones)

Front 166

Steroid and thyroid '''transport''' method

Back 166

Bound to proteins in the blood stream (are these two classes of hormones)

Front 167

General carrier proteins, found in the blood

Back 167

albumins, prealbumins
(function and location)

Front 168

Class of specific carrier proteins found in the blood.

Back 168

Globulins (function and location)

Front 169

TBG

Back 169

a globulin in the blood

Front 170

Three example globulins in the blood

Back 170

TBG, CBG, TeBG (the superfamily to which these belong)

Front 171

CBG
(function and location)

Back 171

a globulin in the blood
(acronym)

Front 172

TeBG

Back 172

a globulin in the blood

Front 173

IGF method of transport

Back 173

Protein-bound, even though they are insoluble and wouldn't necessarily need it.

Front 174

These two organs do most of the hormone clearing

Back 174

Kidney and liver (their primary function regarding hormones)

Front 175

Percentage of hormones that get excreted in functional form

Back 175

<1% (what does this percentage represent regarding hormones)

Front 176

With bound hormones, what slows clearance?

Back 176

The higher the affinity, the slower the...

Front 177

(This is) inversely proportional to the MCR

Back 177

The half-life of an hormone (is defined as)

Front 178

Four ways hormones can be used for regulation in the body

Back 178

Reproduction,
Growth and development,
Maintenance of internal environment,
Regulation of energy balance

Front 179

(5) hormones that can control lypolysis

Back 179

catecholamines,
glucagon,
secretin,
prolactin,
beta-lipotropin
(can all control what cellular process)

Front 180

(4 hormones needed for) mammary gland development

Back 180

prolactin,
estradiol,
progesterone,
glucocorticoids
(are all required for what)

Front 181

(describe)
a simple endocrine system

Back 181

A small amount of hormone secreted for a short period of time
(constitutes what kind of endocrine control system?)

Front 182

(describe) the negative feedback system of TSH

Back 182

anterior pit -> TSH -> thyroid -> T3 and T4 -> pit -| TSH
(this is an example of what kind of endocrine control system)

Front 183

(describe) the positive feedback system related to breast-feeding

Back 183

suckling at nipple -> neuro signal -> posterior pit -> oxytocin -> increased sensitivity at nipple
(this is an example of what type of endocrine control system)

Front 184

(Name the)
two mechanisms that control the amount of hormone released

Back 184

Mode of release and feedback
(ultimately determine)

Front 185

(name the three categories of) endocrine diseases

Back 185

Deficiencies, excess, resistance (are three ways to generate)

Front 186

(define) hormone resistance

Back 186

when the reaction to an hormone is not normal

Front 187

affinity (determines)

Back 187

specificity (is determined by)

Front 188

Full physiological response to an hormone generally occurs before

Back 188

all receptors are bound with hormone

Front 189

(define) agonist

Back 189

horomones or analogs that bind and elicit the same biological response

Front 190

(define) partial agonist

Back 190

same as agonist, but are less active than native hormone

Front 191

competitive antagnoist

Back 191

competes with hormone for receptor, thus stopping normal response

Front 192

partial antagonist

Back 192

binds to receptor but doesn't completely stop biological response

Front 193

(3 hormones that all bind to)
tyrosine kinase receptors

Back 193

EGF, PDGFs, FGFs
(all bind to these kinds of receptors)

Front 194

(This kind of receptor has)
multiple subunits that come together to bind the hormone

Back 194

Cytokine receptor superfamily
(unique mechanism of this receptor class)

Front 195

Cytokine receptors (require this subunit to bind for kinase activity)

Back 195

JAK
(give which receptor kinase activity)

Front 196

STAT
(stands for)

Back 196

Signal transducer and transcription factor
(associated acronym)

Front 197

The Classical endocrine organs (are, 7)

Back 197

Pituitary,
Thyroid,
Pancreas,
Adrenals,
Gonads,
Pineal,
Placenta
(are all what type of endo organs)

Front 198

"Very low concentration" (molarity range)

Back 198

10-7 to 10-12
(is considered)

Front 199

Tropic hormones
(are associated with what type of endocrine pathway)

Back 199

Complex neuroendocrine pathways
(generally utilize what type of hormones)

Front 200

Nontrophic hormones (are associated with what type of endocrine pathway)

Back 200

Simple neuroendocrine pathways (generally utilize what type of hormones)

Front 201

Epinepherine
(is what derived from)

Back 201

(name one example of an hormone derived from)
tyrosine

Front 202

Thyroid hormones
(are derived from)

Back 202

(name two hormones generated from)
two iodinated tyrosine amino acids

Front 203

(number of aas in)
TRH

Back 203

(is made of)
3
(amino acids)

Front 204

(Parental hormonal class of)
ADH

Back 204

(Give one example of an hormone that is a)
Polypeptide

Front 205

(name the two subunits of)
TSH

Back 205

alpha-GSU and TSH-beta
(form to generate)

Front 206

(define)
cryptic peptide

Back 206

a peptide sequence that may not have a known biological activity
(is called a)

Front 207

(define)
spacer

Back 207

the region of aa between two biologically active peptides
(is called a)

Front 208

(this is still occurring during the removal of the)
signal peptide sequence

Back 208

translation
(is still occurring when this is being removed)

Front 209

(location of)
peptide signal removal

Back 209

endoplasmic reticulum
(is the location of)

Front 210

Hormones
(may be stored in / released via)

Back 210

Granules
(can be used to store / release)

Front 211

(Min and max of)
hormone release frequency

Back 211

every 5 minutes to once each year
(is the range of)

Front 212

Albumins and prealbumins
(generally carry)

Back 212

nonspecific, smaller molecules
(are generally carried by)

Front 213

GH travels
(bound or unbound)

Back 213

Bound, even though it is a protein.
(name a protein hormone that travels in the blood bound)

Front 214

(Half-life of an)
amine

Back 214

minutes
(is how long this class of hormones lasts in the blood)

Front 215

(half-life, in a range of time, of a)
peptide hormone

Back 215

minutes to hours
(is how long this class of hormones lasts in the blood)

Front 216

(half life of)
thyroid hormones

Back 216

approximately 1 day
(is how long these hormones last in the blood)

Front 217

Prolactin is continually blocked by dopamine from the hypothalamus
(which is an example of what type of control)

Back 217

Inhibitory control
(is exemplified by)

Front 218

(name the three factors that affect)
the hormone response

Back 218

Hormone concentration, receptor concentration, hormone-receptor affinity
(are the three things that affect)

Front 219

Hypothalamic magnocellular system
(is also called the)

Back 219

Paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei
(make up the)

Front 220

(precursor of)
oxytocin and neurophysin 1

Back 220

Prepro-oxyphysin
(is cleaved to generate)

Front 221

(regulates levels of)
ADH

Back 221

plasma osmolality
(regulates release of which hormone)

Front 222

osmoreceptors
(are found where)

Back 222

hypothalamus
(contains these receptors)

Front 223

Prepro-pressophysin
(is processed into)

Back 223

AVP, neurophysin 2, and a glycoprotein (maybe)
(all come from the processing of)

Front 224

Prepro-pressophysin and prepro-oxyphysin
(are processed when)

Back 224

as they pass from the magnocellular system of the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary
(these are processed)

Front 225

VR1
(is a receptor for)

Back 225

AVP
(is bound by this receptor in all tissues except the kidney)

Front 226

Desmopressin
(has 3 advantages over natural AVP for diabetes insipidus patients)

Back 226

Targets a specific V2 receptor,
Longer half life,
More potent
(these are the advantages of this drug over AVP)

Front 227

chlorpropamide
(is a synonym for)

Back 227

sulphylourea
(is a synonym for)

Front 228

chlopropamide
(causes)

Back 228

increased kidney tubule sensitivity to AVP
(can be generated by administration of)

Front 229

large endo molecules
(are likely to be administered via)

Back 229

injection delivery
(is likely to be used for these endo molecules)

Front 230

small endo molecules
(are likely to be administered via)

Back 230

oral delivery
(is likely to be used for these endo molecules)

Front 231

(causes of)
SIADH

Back 231

anesthetics, drugs, tumors that secrete ADH-like substances
(can all cause)

Front 232

SIADH

Back 232

syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion
(acronym)