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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
RBC formation |
Hemopoietic stem cell Myeloid stem cell pro erythroblast erythroblast normoblast reticulocyte erythrocyte |
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What are the nutritional requirements of erythropoiesis |
Iron and b12 |
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Lack of b12 causes |
pernicious anemia |
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Stimuli for increasing RBCs |
low o2 high altitude increase in exercise |
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erythrocyte disorders polycythemia |
excess of RBCs |
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Anemia |
deficiency of RBCs or hemoglobin |
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Type A blood has |
a antigen, b antibodies |
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Type B blood has |
b antigen, a antibodies |
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Type AB blood has |
both a and b antigens, neither a or b antibodies |
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Type O blood has |
neither a or b antigens, both a and b antibodies |
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What is agglutinate? |
RBCs form clumps because of antibodies |
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Universal donor? |
Type O, most common blood type |
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Universal recipient? |
Type AB, rarest blood type and can receive any blood (no antibodies) |
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What makes a person positive? |
if they have d antigens on RBCs |
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Who has anti-d antibodies? |
Negative people but only after exposure (sensitization) |
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When is a baby in danger? |
- mom and + baby, 2nd baby if mom was sensitized |
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Hemostasis? |
stop bleeding |
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What makes platelets? |
Megakaryocytes |
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Where are platelets stored? |
spleen |
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What breaks off platelets? |
pseudopods |
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Platelet functions? |
secrete vasoconstrictor stick together to form platelet plug secrete clotting factors attract WBCs to sites of inflame secrete growth factors positive feedback |
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Is platelet plug permanent? |
no |
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What are the steps in a clot? |
1. vascular spasm 2. platelet phase 3. coagulation phase 4. clot retraction |
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Vascular spasm |
the actual cut |
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Platelet phase |
the areas without prostacyclin will cause platelets to stick and form platelet plug (positive feedback) |
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Coagulation phase |
formation of patch made of fibrin that remains until healed |
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Steps in coagulation |
Clotting factor + calcium Factor X prothrombin activator prothrombin thrombin fibrinogen fibrin clot |
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Clot retraction |
edges of clot pull like a drawstring clot dissolves once healed |
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When clot heals? |
Plasminogen -> plasmin which does -> fibrinolysis |
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Hemostasis |
coagulation |
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facts about common pathway |
liver is producing clotting factors vit k is involved in process calcium as well |
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Blood contains natural anticoagulants |
Heparin interferes with formation of thrombin |
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Thrombocytopenia |
platelet deficiency, decrease clotting, more bleeding |
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What is a thrombus? |
clot |
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Embolus |
can be floating thrombus |
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Pulmonary embolism |
clot breaks free, travels from veins to lungs |
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Hemophilia |
hereditary caused by deficiencies of clotting factors, increase bleeding usually from mom |
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5 types of WBC? |
Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils Monocyte Lymphocyte |
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Form and function of WBC? |
-nucleus, contains organelles -capable of amoeboid movement -can migrate out of blood stream (diapedesis) -sensitive to chemical stimuli (chemotaxis) -engulf pathogens (phagocytosis) |
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Neutrophils |
60-70% most abundant "first responders" phagocytic |
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Eosinophils |
2-4% increased number in parasitic infections and allergies phagocytic |
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Basophils |
less than 1% role in inflammation NOT PHAGOCYTIC secrete histamine and heparin |
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Monocytes |
3-8% leave bloodstream and transform to macrophages phagocytic engulf pathogens |
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Lymphocytes |
25-33% increased # in diverse infections and immune responses -act against specific pathogens come from lymphoid stem cell |
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Leukopenia |
low WBC chemo |
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Leukocytosis |
high WBC infection |
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Leukemia |
cancer of hemopoietic tissue, produces high number of leukocytes |
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Blood is made up of what? |
Plasma- 55% Formed elements 45% |
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Plasma has? |
92% water 7% plasma proteins 1% other |
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Formed elements has? |
RBC-99.9% WBC Platelets |
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Hematocrit |
formed elements |
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Plasma proteins? |
albumins globulins fibrinogen they provide osmotic pressure |
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what protein fills 95% of RBC |
hemoglobin |
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Hemoglobin |
reversibly binds to oxygen |
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Each Hb has: |
4 protein chains 2 alpha, 2 beta 4 heme, 4 iron 4 oxygens, 1 bound to each iron |
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What makes blood brighter? |
heme bound to oxygen |
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Oxyhemoglobin |
bound to o2 |
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Deoxyhemoglobin |
when o2 isn't bound |
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Carbominohemoglobin |
when co2 is bound to globin |
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production of blood in in babies |
in yolk sac first 8 weeks in liver and spleen 2-5 months in red bone marrow at 5 months |
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Heme pigment...where does it go? |
biliverdin -> bilirubin -> liver and then either to kidneys and out thru urine or intestines and out thru poo |