Biol 214 Exam 1

Front 1

Levels of Biological Organization

Back 1

Subatomic particle; atom; molecule; organelle; cell; tissue; organ; organ system; multicellular organism; population; community; ecosystem; biosphere

Front 2

evolution is at ___ level

Back 2

population

Front 3

natural selection is at ___ level

Back 3

individual

Front 4

gene

Back 4

a unit of inheritance that is transmitted from parents to offspring. The place a particular gene resides on a chromosome is called a locus

Front 5

ecology

Back 5

the scientific study of the distribution and abundance of organisms and the interactions (abiotic and biotic) that determine distribution and abundance

Front 6

evolution

Back 6

changes in allele (an alternate form of a gene) frequencies over time

Front 7

pattern

Back 7

observable and quantifiable evidence from the natural world

Front 8

process

Back 8

the causes of the patterns

Front 9

models

Back 9

the formal scientific description of processes that produce particular patterns. depending on the level of support, these models often are considered hypotheses, theories, or scientific laws.

Front 10

Scientific Method: Observation

Back 10

observe, quantify, and characterize the natural world

Front 11

Scientific Method: Formulating Hypotheses

Back 11

create models/experiments with testable predictions to explain the observations

Front 12

Scientific Method: Testing Hypotheses

Back 12

use data from experiments or patterns in nature to test the predictions of the models

Front 13

science deals entirely with

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physical evidence. any reported scientific result can be repeated. Non-repeatable results are purged from the collective scientific endeavor.

Front 14

Scientific Method: Theory

Back 14

A system of ideas that has broad explanatory power and that has emerged intact after repeated attempts to falsify. Examples of theories include the theory of relativity and the theory of plate tectonics.

Front 15

Scientific Method: Hypothesis

Back 15

A proposed explanation for a particular set of observations. Hypotheses are much smaller in scope than theories and are much less well supported by data.

Front 16

Common usage of the term theory is very different than

Back 16

the scientific usage

Front 17

Hypothesis testing

Back 17

-manipulative experiments
-natural experiments
-observational studies

Front 18

manipulative experiments

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a controlled experiment in which the scientist manipulates some aspect of the system and observes its behavior. These experiments usually involve at lease on treatment and controls

Front 19

natural experiments

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the scientist takes advantage of some natural event that perturbs the system in a way that allows hypotheses to be tested

Front 20

observational studies

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the scientist makes predictions about a system that has not yet been studied based on the hypothesis and then collects data to see if the predictions are upheld

Front 21

Charles Laveran

Back 21

French army surgeon; found malaria in blood in 1880

Front 22

Ronald Ross 1897

Back 22

Demonstrated malaria transmitted through mosquitoes

Front 23

US organized several efforts to combat malaria on various occasions

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Panama canal (1905-1910), US Public Health Service (1914) got congress to support malaria control in military bases in southern US

Front 24

malaria eradication efforts not successful in many other areas

Back 24

-human ecology (money, resources, standard of living, politics)
-basic ecology (transmission year round in tropical areas)
-evolution at work (mosquito resistance to pesticides; malaria resistance to drugs)
-ecology at work (altered landscapes that promote transmission- dams, irrigation)

Front 25

1947-1951 Eradication of malaria in US

Back 25

spraying homes and environment with DDT, draining swamps (urban development), human behaviors (window screens)

Front 26

how has malaria influenced human evolution?

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many traits including sickle cell anemia

Front 27

G6PD deficiency

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confers reduced risk from malaria

Front 28

Distribution of water is not static, powered by

Back 28

solar energy

Front 29

over ___ % of earth's surface covered by water

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71%
oceans (97%), polar ice caps and glaciers (2%), freshwater in lakes, streams, and ground water (<1%)

Front 30

distribution of water

Back 30

heat
evaporation
clouds
precipitation
---consumed by organisms
---groundwater
---surface water

Front 31

turnover time

Back 31

the time required for the entire volume of a reservoir to be renewed
(ex. atmosphere 9 days, rivers 12-20 days, oceans 3,100 years)

Front 32

ocean circulation driven by

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winds under Coriolis effect
-moderate earth's climate

Front 33

Gyres

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(Coriolis effect)
--clockwise currents in Northern hemisphere
--Counter-clockwise in Southern hemisphere

Front 34

Gulf stream moderates temperatures in

Back 34

northwest Europe

Front 35

largest ocean basin

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Pacific

Front 36

second largest ocean basin

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Atlantic

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smallest basin

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Indian

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Ocean Structure

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divided into vertical and horizontal zones
-each zone supports distinctive assemblage of life

Front 39

Pelagic

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off the bottom

Front 40

Benthic

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on the bottom

Front 41

light in respect to ocean

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-about 80% absorbed in first 10m
-very little penetrates past 600m
-leaves about 3400 m of deep black water- only bioluminescence

Front 42

thermocline

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layer where temp. changes rapidly with depth

Front 43

upwelling

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winds blow surface water offshore, cold water rises to surface, brings up nutrients

Front 44

sunlight increases ___ of water, which decreases ___

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velocity; density

Front 45

warm water _____cooler water

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floats on top of; creates thermal stratification

Front 46

salinity and oxygen

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34 ppt to 36.5 ppt
-oxygen concentration low compared to air; varies with depth

Front 47

decreasing light and temperature with depth produces

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a series of vertical habitat zones

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Littoral zone

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also called intertidal zone: extends between highest and lowest tidal levels
-periodically exposed to air: life adapted accordingly.
-exposed to wide variation in light intensity

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intertidal zone details

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-one of most dynamic environments in biosphere
-waves and tides affect distribution and abundance of organisms
-isolated pools can see rapid increase in salinity
-oxygen not limiting due to mixing caused by waves
-differential tolerances to periodicity of air exposure leads to zonation of species

Front 50

Neritic Zone location

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-between lowest tide level and edge of continental shelf

Front 51

Neritic zone

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-high productivity: sunlight and nutrients in sediment
-kelp forests (brown algae) and coral reefs

Front 52

kelp forests and coral gardens

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shallow waters around land
-high diversity and productivity
-corals confined to 30 degrees N and S limited by temp
-Kelp in temperate water (like a forest)

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Oceanic Zone

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-beyond continental shelf, seafloor drops rapidly to great depths.
-production strictly limited: low availability of nutrients
-divided into several depth zones

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Photosynthetic organisms are limited to

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upper epipelagic zone (photic zone)
--phytoplankton and zooplankton

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due to size, oceans contribute 1/4 of total

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photosynthesis in the biosphere

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life in oceans exist at all

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depths

Front 57

chemosynthesis occurs near

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undersea hot springs

Front 58

Estuaries are found where

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rivers meet the sea

Front 59

salt marshes and mangrove forests are concentrated

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along low-lying coasts

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estuaries, salt marshes, and mangrove forests all driven by

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ocean tides and river flow

Front 61

physically dynamic systems of estuaries, salt marshes, and mangrove forests leads to

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chemical variability (salinity and oxygen)

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estuaries, salt marshes, and mangrove forests transport

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organisms, nutrients, oxygen, and remove wastes

Front 63

Rivers and streams can be divided along three dimensions

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-length (pools, runs, riffles, rapids)
-width (wetted/active channels)
-vertical (water surface, column)

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Riparian zone

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a transition area between the aquatic and upland terrestrial environments

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river currents

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erode land, carry food, renew oxygen; all affect type of life

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upstream

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few minerals, lots of oxygen, fast moving water

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downstream

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lots of minerals, less oxygen, slow moving water

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salinity of rivers and streams are ___ dependent

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soil; refects climate

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temp of rivers and streams

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usually tracts air temp

Front 70

species rich in ___ rivers

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tropical

Front 71

most of the world's freshwater resides in

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a few large lakes (great lakes contain 20% of freshwater in the world)

Front 72

Lakes: Littoral zone

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shallow near shore, rooted plants

Front 73

Lakes: Limnetic Zone

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open lake

Front 74

Lakes thermally ______ like oceans. Spring and fall get alot of _____

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thermally stratified;
mixing;
in tropics at low elevation little mixing

Front 75

Oligotrophic

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well mixed lakes, lot of oxygen, low biological productivity

Front 76

Eutrophic

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high productivity, low oxygen

Front 77

Energy Flow: Primary production

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Fixation of energy (production of new organic matter) by autotrophs in an ecosystem

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autotroph

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organism that can synthesize organic molecules using inorganic molecules (C02) and energy [light (photosynthetic or inorganic molecules (chemosynthetic) like hydrogen sulfide]

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Energy Flow: Rate of primary production

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amount of energy fixed over a given period of time

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Energy Flow: Gross primary production

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total amount of energy fixed by autotrophs

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Energy Flow: Net primary production

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Amount of energy leftover after autotrophs have met their metabolic needs (=Gross - Respiration), amount available to consumers

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Heterotroph

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organism that uses organic molecules both as source of carbon and energy

Front 83

Energy Flow: Photosynthesis

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conversion of light energy to the chemical energy of organic molecules
-basis of life for plants, cyanobacteria, many algae
-ultimate source of energy for most heterotrophs

Front 84

Energy Flow: Trophic Level

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position in a food web determined by number of energy transfers from primary producers to current level

Front 85

levels of trophic level

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-primary producers (1st level)
-Primary consumers (2nd level)
-secondary consumers (3rd)
-Tertiary consumers (4th)

Front 86

Terrestrial Primary Production

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generally limited by temperature and moisture. High rates generally occur under warm, moist conditions.
However, soil fertility (nutrients like N and P) can also explain differences in terrestrial primary productivity

Front 87

Aquatic primary production

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-generally limited by nutrient availability in marine systems, highest rates by marine phytoplankton are generally concentrated in areas with higher levels of nutrient availability (e.g., continental margins where have nutrient run-off from land, sediment disturbance caused by upwelling)
-open ocean tends to be nutrient poor
-vertical mixing main nutrient source (but not much in tropical oceans)

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control of primary production via tropic cascades

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- = influence of consumers on primary productivity propagate through food webs
-bottom up control and top down control

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bottom up control

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primary production affected by physical and chemical factors like temperature and nutrients

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top down control

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primary production affected by consumers

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Energy losses limit

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the number of trophic levels in ecosystems

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how is energy lost

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-transfer from one trophic level to another (trophic dynamics)
-limited assimilation and consumption
-consumer respiration
-heat production

Front 93

ecological efficiency

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the percentage of energy transferred from one tropic level to the one above it

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energy quality decreases with each

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successive tropic level

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as energy losses between trophic levels accumulate, eventually there is

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insufficient energy left to support a viable population at a higher tropic level

Front 96

ecosystems store some energy in the form of

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dead organic matter and biomass

Front 97

Nutrient cycles involve

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the storage (nutrient pools) and movement (nutrient flux) of nutrients in an ecosystem

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Nutrient mineral components do not require

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constant replenishment. Unlike energy, minerals are recycled but the recycling also requires energy

Front 99

Ecologists are interested in the factors affecting

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the distribution of nutrients and the rates of flux

Front 100

Global Phosphorous cycle does not include

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substantial atmospheric pool

Front 101

largest quantities of phosphorous found in

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mineral deposits and marine sediments
-much of this in forms not directly available to plants

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phosphorous slowly released in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems via

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weathering of rocks

Front 103

Nitrogen cycle includes major

Back 103

atmospheric pool - N2

Front 104

only nitrogen fixers can use ______ directly

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atmospheric supply

Front 105

most organisms need ____ nitrogen

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reduced

Front 106

Nitrogen cycle: energy demanding process

Back 106

-N2 reduced to ammonia (NH3)
-Cyanobacteria, some soil bacteria, bacteria in leguminous plants

Front 107

Once N is fixed

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it is available to organisms
-upon death of an organism, N can be released by fungi and bacteria during decomposition

Front 108

Under anaerobic conditions ___ converted back to _____

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NH3 back to N2

Front 109

Carbon Cycle

Back 109

moves between organisms and atmosphere (a large pool) as a consequence of photosynthesis and respiration

Front 110

In aquatic ecosystems, CO2 must first

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dissolve into water before being used by primary producers

Front 111

Although some C cycles rapidly, some remains

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sequestered in unavailable forms for long periods of time

Front 112

CO2 in the atmosphere...

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retards the radiation of heat from the earth back into space

Front 113

large increase in CO2 coincides with

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industrial revolution

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CO2 associated with

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burning of fossil fuels

Front 115

14C half life 5730 years; so..

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it is rare in fossil fuels; more 12C is released in atmosphere; can be measured in tree rings

Front 116

Greenhouse effect

Back 116

heat is trapped near the earth's surface by greenhouse gases
-absorb infrared and reemit most back to earth
(30% solar energy reflected back by clouds, particulate matter, etc.; 70% absorbed by atmosphere/surface)

Front 117

greenhouse gases

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water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, ozone, nitrous oxide, and CFC's

Front 118

Decomposition necessary for

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recycling of minerals

Front 119

rate at which nutrients are made available to primary producers is determined largely by

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rate of mineralization

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mineralization occurs primarily during

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decomposition

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rate of decomposition in terrestrial systems

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significantly influenced by temperature, moisture, and chemical compositions

Front 122

plants and animals affect

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distribution and dynamics of nutrients within ecosystems

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decomposers (heterotrophs) then... (role in decomposition)

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break down the producers and consumers, releasing the minerals

Front 124

minerals can be lost from the system by

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water runoff or conversion to volatile compounds. (e.g. nitrates can be converted to nitrous oxides by soil bacteria)

Front 125

mature ecosystems like old growth forests and virgin prairies release _____ levels of minerals

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very low (steady state condition where loss equals gain)

Front 126

disturbed ecosystems typically release ___ levels of minerals

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large;
-plowing of prairies and clear cutting of forests= major disturbances
-may take centuries for the ecosystem to return to the steady state condition

Front 127

idea of community stability usually includes two related concepts

Back 127

-communities have some kind of equilibrium state that is stable over time if the environment does not change
-communities return to their equilibrium stat after a disturbance that alters community structure

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regular change in community composition is called

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succession
(one set of species succeeds a previous set)

Front 129

succession

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gradual change in plant and animal communities in an area following disturbance. Each stage of changed called a sere

Front 130

primary succession

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on newly exposed geological substrates not yet modified by organisms (e.g., on a lava flow, new lake after glacial retreat)

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secondary succession

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following disturbance that does not destroy soil (e.g., after a forest fire)

Front 132

Climax community

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-late successional community that remains stable until disrupted by disturbance

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climax community not prone to

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invasion by non-climax species

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climax communities... (composition)

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renew themselves
-composition is determined by the interaction between plant species and abiotic factors (climate, soil moisture, etc. --the biomes are climax communities)

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pioneer community

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first species in successional sequence

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Characteristics of Succession: tend to see increase in...

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species composition
--see in primary and secondary succession and in different habitats

Front 137

As diversity and composition change, ecosystem properties

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can change;
--tend to see increase in biomass, primary production, respiration, nutrient retention
--physical and biological systems are inseparable

Front 138

why would N increase and P decrease in soil during succession?

Back 138

As nitrogen fixing organisms colonize, more atmospheric nitrogen is fixed into the ecosystem and because the primary source of phosphorus is through weathered rocks, the existing phosphorus in the soil will likely be depleted over time

Front 139

Chronosequences

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a series of communities or ecosystems representing a range of ages or times since disturbance (e.g., Glacier Bay ~500-1500 years)

Front 140

Hawaiian Islands have formed over..

Back 140

hot spots on the Pacific tectonic plate, forming an island chain varying greatly in age
--4 million years of ecosystem change
(different patterns of nutrient distribution across the chronosequence. P limiting in later succession, N limiting early on in succession

Front 141

Mechanisms of succession

Back 141

facilitation, tolerance, inhibition (facilitation and inhibition appear to be main mechanisms)

Front 142

facilitation

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only certain species can colonize (pioneers), which modify environment. New environment less suitable to pioneers and more suitable for new species. each stage paves way for the next

Front 143

Tolerance

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initial colonization not limited to pioneers can have juveniles of climax community. No facilitation or inhibition. Later successional species are those tolerant of environmental conditions occurring in succession. Climax community reached when pool of tolerant species exhausted

Front 144

Inhibition

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Initial colonization not limited to pioneers can have juveniles of climax community. Early arrivals modify environment that inhibits any new colonization by any species. Later successional species can only colonize if a disturbance opens new habitat. These later species come to dominate because they resist disturbance

Front 145

stability

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absence of change. Persistence in the face of disturbance.

Front 146

Resistance

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Ability to maintain structure and function in face of potential disturbance

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Resilience

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Ability to recover from disturbance

Front 148

Stability may be due to

Back 148

lack of disturbance (e.g., not much disturbance in deep sea bottom environments) or community resistance or resilience in the face of disturbance.

Front 149

stability depends on

Back 149

resolution an area is investigated

Front 150

difficulty in studying community and ecosystem stability

Back 150

-need long term data to understand normal background fluctuations, but ecosystem turnover extends beyond our lifetime.
-hard to find true replication -what two large scale ecosystem environments are truly alike.

Front 151

LUCA

Back 151

(last universal common ancestor) most recent common ancestor of all extant organisms

Front 152

cenancestor

Back 152

another name for LUCA

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Primoridal form

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the first living thing

Front 154

phylogeny

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evolutionary history of organisms

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phylogenetic tree

Back 155

graphical representation of phylogenies

Front 156

what is needed for life as we know it?

Back 156

information storage
energy acquisition and utilization
reproduction

Front 157

RNA can..

Back 157

store and do biological work- ribozyme has genotype and phenotype

Front 158

support for RNA (what was early life based on)

Back 158

-only known molecule that carries genetic info and can catalyze chemical reactions
-in modern cells, RNA catalyzes protein synthesis
-ribosomes (conserved component of metabolic machinery)
-can evolve; but self replicating RNA has not been demonstrated or discovered

Front 159

Primordial or Prebiotic soup

Back 159

1. assemble simple molecules into building blocks for complex polymers
2. assemble polymers that can store information and catalyze reactions
3. add membranes and an energy source to make a living organism

Front 160

Stanley Miller 1953 demonstrated that

Back 160

many of the compounds necessary for life could be produced in a "pre-biotic" atmosphere

Front 161

Panspermia

Back 161

life from an asteroid?

Front 162

oldest rocks that contain any signs of life are

Back 162

3.7-3.85 billion years old

Front 163

how can we trace back to find common ancestor?

Back 163

use DNA to reconstruct phylogenies; however not all genes have the same evolutionary history
-lateral gene transfer?

Front 164

igneous rock

Back 164

created from molten material

Front 165

sedimentary rock

Back 165

deposition and solidification of sediments

Front 166

metamorphic rock

Back 166

results from the transformation of igneous or sedimentary rock under high pressures and temperatures

Front 167

most fossils found in

Back 167

sedimentary rock

Front 168

relative dating: superposition

Back 168

younger rocks deposited on older rocks

Front 169

relative dating: original horizontality

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lava and sedimentary rock laid down horizontally; any bending or tipping occurred after deposition

Front 170

relative dating: cross-cutting relationship

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intruding rocks are younger than host rocks

Front 171

relative dating: inclusions

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boulders or other fragments are older than host rock

Front 172

relative dating: faunal succession

Back 172

early fossil forms simple, more recent similar to extant taxa

Front 173

absolute dating

Back 173

radiometric dating
tree rings

Front 174

absolute dating: radiometric dating: Rubidium-strontium

Back 174

10 million-4.6 billion (effective dating range); dates volcanic and metamorphic rocks

Front 175

absolute dating: radiometric dating: Uranium-lead

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10 million-4.6 billion; igneous and metamorphic rock

Front 176

absolute dating: radiometric dating: Thorium-lead

Back 176

10 million-4.6 billion;

Front 177

absolute dating: radiometric dating: Potassium-argon

Back 177

100,000 - 4.6 billion; volcanic rocks

Front 178

absolute dating: radiometric dating: Carbon-14

Back 178

100- 100,000; any carbon bearing material (wood, bones, shells, charcoal, cloth, paper, animal droppings)

Front 179

Alfred Wegener in 1915 proposed

Back 179

plate tectonics (continental drift)

Front 180

plate tectonics not fully accepted until

Back 180

1960

Front 181

maximum velocity of plate movement

Back 181

5-10 cm per year

Front 182

three types of plate boundaries

Back 182

-divergent
-convergent
-transform fault boundaries

Front 183

Divergent plate boundaries

Back 183

the plates are moving apart; produces ocean floor (atlantic)

Front 184

Convergent plate boundaries

Back 184

the plates are moving towards each other. can produce mountain ranges (himalayas)

Front 185

Transform fault boundaries

Back 185

the plates are grinding past each other. earthquakes are common

Front 186

What is a fossil

Back 186

any trace left by an organism that lived in the past

Front 187

types of fossils

Back 187

-compression fossils
-casts and molds
-permineralized fossils
-unaltered remains

Front 188

how good is the fossil record

Back 188

bad; incomplete and biased

Front 189

geography bias

Back 189

depositional areas (lowlands, marine)

Front 190

taxonomic bias

Back 190

bones and shells amenable to fossilization (best fossil records left by marine invertebrates with hard skeletons)

Front 191

temporal bias

Back 191

earth's crust is recycled so older rocks rarer

Front 192

consequence of bias and incompleteness of fossil record

Back 192

the gradual origins of species and higher taxa have not been documented for the most part

Front 193

species

Back 193

temporally distinct parts of a single evolutionary lineage

Front 194

chronospecies

Back 194

different forms of a species

Front 195

cladogenesis

Back 195

splitting of a lineage (B and C are chronospecies from A, but B and C are different species from eachother)

Front 196

pseudoextinction or taxonomic extinction

Back 196

occurs when a lineage changes so much that its original name disappears

Front 197

real extinction

Back 197

a lineage fails to leave any descendants

Front 198

Proterozoic era time

Back 198

2.5 bya to 543 mya

Front 199

proterozoic era characterized by

Back 199

prokaryotes and eukaryotic algae

Front 200

first evidence of animal life appeared

Back 200

less that 1 BYA

Front 201

oldest fossils of multi cellular animals

Back 201

640 million years old

Front 202

Edicaran Fauna

Back 202

Precambrian animal
-soft body, no skeleton
-sea floor
-difficult to interpret relationships to life in Cambrian

Front 203

Paleozoic era: cambrian period

Back 203

cambrian explosion started about 530 mya
-almost all of the modern phyla and classes of skeletonized marine animals suddenly appear in the fossil record

Front 204

what precipitated the cambrian explosion?

Back 204

-diversification from increasing O2 levels
-vacant ecological habitats
-key innovations related to multicellularity and the organization of developmental processes may have evolved

Front 205

Paleozoic era: Ordovician (495-439 mya)

Back 205

lot of diversification with new classes and orders; first vertebrates and land plats, ended with one of the five largest mass extinctions of all time

Front 206

Paleozoic: Silurian (439-409) and Devonian (409-354)

Back 206

-origin and diversification of fishes
-plats diversify on land
-trees present by late Devonian
-terrestrial vertebrates arose in late devonian
-mass extinction at end of devonian

Front 207

Paleozoic: Carboniferous (354-290) and Permian (290-251)

Back 207

Widespread tropical swamp forests, gigantic dragonflies, reptiles, mammal like reptiles;
-worst extinction ever at end of Permian

Front 208

Mesozoic Era (251-65 mya)

Back 208

triassic, jurassic, cretaceous periods; mass extinction at end

Front 209

Cenozoic Era: Paleocene epoch (65-55.6 mya) (cenozoic--tertiary--paleogene--paleocene)

Back 209

mammalian radiation after the extinction of the dinosaurs

Front 210

Pleistocene Epoch (1.8 mya to 10,000 ya)

Back 210

repeated glaciations. origin and extinction of large mammals. origin of modern humans. extinction of many taxa

Front 211

Holocene Epoch; the last 10,000 years

Back 211

agriculture, domesticated animals, digital watches, etc. Also in the midst of what might be the worst mass extinction ever.

Front 212

Internal Abdominal Obliques

Back 212

Attachment 1: Thoracolumbar fascia and ribs
Attachment 2: Linea alba, Tuber coxae, prepubic tendon
Action: Aid in urination, defecation, parturition, & respiration. Lateral flexion. Support/contain abdominal cavity contents.
Innervation: Ventral branches of thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves

Front 213

major factor causing global variation in climate

Back 213

angle at which sun's rays hit the earth

Front 214

rainforests found

Back 214

near equator

Front 215

major deserts found

Back 215

near 30* N/S

Front 216

Coriolis effect

Back 216

causes apparent deflection of winds clockwise in N hemisphere and counterclockwise in S hemisphere

Front 217

soil

Back 217

complex mixture of living and non living material

Front 218

soil: O horizon

Back 218

Organic layer freshly fallen organic material

Front 219

soil: A horizon

Back 219

mixture of minerals, clay, silt, and sand

Front 220

soil: B horizon

Back 220

clay, humus, and other materials leached from A horizon- often contains plant roots

Front 221

soil: C horizon

Back 221

weathered plant material

Front 222

biomes

Back 222

distinguished primarily by their predominant plants and are associated with particular climates

Front 223

gross primary production

Back 223

total energy assimilated by photosynthesis

Front 224

net primary production

Back 224

total energy available to consumers

Front 225

difference between gross and net primary production

Back 225

the energy used in respiration

Front 226

tropical rain forests

Back 226

within 10* latitude of equator
-little temp and precipitation variation
-nutrient poor soil
-highest productivity

Front 227

Tropical seasonal forest/savanna

Back 227

-grassland w/ scattered trees
-fluctuation in precip.
-fires

Front 228

subtropical desert

Back 228

-very low precip. little seasonality
-30* N/S
-plants sparse to absent
-low animal abundance; high biodiversity

Front 229

Woodland/shrubland; (mediterranean/Chaparral)

Back 229

-mild wet winters; severe summer drought
-thick, evergreen, shrubby vegetation
-fires

Front 230

temperate rain forests

Back 230

-mild winters; heavy winter rain; summer fog; tall evergreen forests
-biodiversity much lower than tropical rain forest

Front 231

Temperate seasonal forests

Back 231

-deciduous forest
-hot summers, mild winters with freezing
-rainfall abundant with long growing season
-multiple forest layers
-fertile soils
-biodiversity higher than boreal forest

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Temperate grassland/ desert

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-also known as prairies or steppes
-drier that temperate forests, but same latitudinal range
-rich soils
-cold winters; hot summers

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Boreal Forest (Taiga)

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-Northern hemisphere
-low fertility soil
-evergreen conifers
-high animal density

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Tundra

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-high latitude
-avg temp below freezing
-small plants
-short growing season
-peat (organic matter in soil)
-permafrost

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if permafrost melts, peat will..

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decompose at a higher rate, thereby releasing CO2

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Mountains

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-concentrated in belts of geological activity
-climate changes with elevation and latitude
-soils well drained and thin
-flor and fauna change with elevation

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as elevation increases

Back 237

precip. increases; temp decreases

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globally driven deserts

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30* n/s

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locally driven deserts

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on sides of mountains (rain shadow effect)