Biol 204 1St Midterm

Front 1

Vertebrates without a Jaw

None of the gills are directly associated with the skull. Branchial Arches only support the gills and provide attachment sites for respiratory muscles.

Back 1

PALEOSTYLY

Front 2

Palatoquadrate forms the upper jaw while Meckel's cartilage forms the lower jaw. It directly attaches to the chondrocranium. The hyoid arch does not provide any support to the jaws.

Back 2

AUTOSTYLY

Front 3

The Hyoid Arch specialized to form the Hyomandibula which helps to support the jaws. The Palatoquadrate is suspended in two places. Attached by ligaments to the chondrocranium and it is also attached via another ligament to the hyomandibula.

Back 3

AMPHYISTYLY

Front 4

The Palatoquadrate forms the upper jaw while Meckel's Cartilage forms the lower jaw. The Hyomandibula of the hyoid arch forms a swinging bridge that loosely attaches the Palatoquadrate to the rest of the skull.

Back 4

HYOSTYLY

Front 5

The Quadrate bone of the upper jaw articulates with the Articular bone of the lower jaw.

The Hyomandibula of the Hyoid Arch, together with another bone called the Symplectic, form a swinging bridge connecting the quadrate to the rest of the skull. (Enables to perform suction feeding)

Back 5

MODIFIED HYOSTYLY

Front 6

The Quadrate Bone of the upper jaw articulates with Articular Bone of the lower jaw. The quadrate bone attaches directly to the brain case of the skull. Hyomandibula of the Hyoid Arch is not involved in jaw suspension and is modified to form the Columella, a tiny bone of the middle ear.

Back 6

METAUTOSTYLY

Front 7

In mammals, the entire upper jaw is completely fused to the braincase. The lower jaw is composed of a single dermal bone called the Dentary. The dentary articulates with the Squamosal bone of the braincase. The Quadrate and Articular bones are not associated with the jaws, and have been modified to form the Incus and Malleus (tiny bones in the middle ear). Hyoid Arch is not involved in jaw suspension and Hyomandibula has been modified to form the Stapes. Mammals have three bones INCUS MALLEUS and STAPES.

Back 7

CRANIOSTYLY

Front 8

Holocephali has what kind of Jaw Suspension?

Back 8

Autostyly

Front 9

What Jaw Suspension are vertebrates without Jaws classified as?

Back 9

Paleostyly

Front 10

What kind of Jaw Suspension do Sharks have?

Back 10

Hyostyly

Front 11

What kind of Jaw Suspension do most Actinopterygiian fish have?

Back 11

Modified Hyostyly

Front 12

What kind of Jaw Suspension do most Amphibians and Sauropsids have?

Back 12

Metautosyly

Front 13

What kind of Jaw Suspension do mammals have

Back 13

Craniostyly

Front 14

What taxon of vertebrates lack cartilaginous skeleton, a vertebrae, and have a muscular body divided into myotomes?

Back 14

Myxinoidea (Hagfish)

Front 15

Similar to the Myxinoidea, but has a vertebrae and a notochord.

Back 15

Petromyzontida

Front 16

Usually has a spiracle (reduced gill), and have placoid scales. They contain a large liver that produced oil to increase their buoyancy.

Back 16

Chondrichthyes

Front 17

Have a bony skeleton, and have a branch of tetrapods, and osteichthyes.

Back 17

Teleostomi

Front 18

Ray-Finned Fish

Back 18

Actinopterygii

Front 19

Fleshy Finned Fish

Back 19

Sarcopterygii

Front 20

The group name for Reptiles, Birds, Amphibians, Mammals. Anything with muscular limbs and walks on the ground. Contain atlas.

Back 20

Tetrapods

Front 21

Can breath through skin, and have poisonous and mucous glands. They only have one type of cervical vertebrae: Atlas, which allows the head to move up and down.

Back 21

Amphibia

Front 22

Fishes and amphibians are this type of group name

Back 22

Anamniotes

Front 23

Reptiles and birds belong into this group

Back 23

Sauropsids

Front 24

Mammals and Sauropsids belong to this group because their embryos are surrounded in several extraembryonic membranes, including the AMNION which seals the embryo in a water-proof chamber. Contains ATLAS and AXIS (side to side)

Back 24

Amniotes

Front 25

Turtles and their relatives. How many temporal fenestrae do they have?

Back 25

Parareptilia. None: Anapsid

Front 26

Lepidosauria (Snakes, Liards, Legless Lizards, and Tuatara) and Archosauria (crocodilians and birds) are apart of this group. How many temporal fenestrae do they have?

Back 26

Eureptilia. They have two: Diapsid

Front 27

How many temporal fenestrae do they have? They have hair, sweat glands, and are endothermic. The lower jaw is composed of a single bone, the Dentary, which forms a joint with the squamosal bone. There are three main taxa of living mammals.

Back 27

Mammalia

Front 28

Chondrocranium protects what parts of the prain?

Back 28

Ventral, Lateral, and Posterior

Front 29

What does the Chondrocranium form?

Back 29

Olfactory (Smell) Capsules, Optic Capsules, and the Otic (Inner Ears) Capsules.

Front 30

What forms the Chondrocranium and what is it initially created as?

Back 30

Mesenchyme (Mesoderm), and Neural Crest Cells (Ectoderm). Cartilage

Front 31

In which three taxas do the Chondrocranium stay the same in?

Back 31

Myxinoidea, Petromyzontida, Chondrichthyes

Front 32

What do the Chondrocranium later ossify into in teleostomi?

Back 32

Endochondrial Bone

Front 33

TRUE OR FALSE?

In all vertebrates, the chondrocranium forms the entire brain case.

Back 33

FALSE.

In chondrichthyes, that is true. However, for teleostomis, the dorsal region of the braincase if formed by the dermatocranium

Front 34

What are the three types of bones that make up the chondrocranium??

Back 34

Occipitals, Sphenoids, and Ethmoids.

Front 35

Are the branchial arches apart of the Splanchocranium?

Back 35

YES

Front 36

How many branchial arches are there in the splanchnocranium?

Back 36

Seven 7

Front 37

What is the first branchial arch called?

Back 37

Mandibular Arch.

Front 38

Posterior to the Mandibulars Arch, what is the second (II) branchial arch called?

Back 38

Hyoid Arch

Front 39

What part of the skull is usually made out of Dermal bone that cover the head to protect the brain and gills?

Back 39

Dermatocranium

Front 40

What is the Dermatocranium made out of?

Back 40

Mesenchyme of the dermis --> Dermatome Epimere Mesoderm.

Front 41

What does the primary palate do?

Back 41

Separates the nasal passageway from the braincase

Front 42

What does the secondary palate do?

Back 42

Separates the oral passageway from the nasal passageway

Front 43

Do birds have a secondary palate?

Back 43

Yes. It is a soft (fleshy) palate with no bony component.

Front 44

How can locating temporal fenestrae be found useful?

Back 44

In the amniotes, the presence, absence, and structure of Temporal Fenestrae can be used to distinguish between major taxas.

Front 45

Turtles have what kind of Temporal Fenestrae? If they do not have one, what do they have instead?

Back 45

Anapsid: NONE. Instead they have a Otic Notch.

Front 46

What are having two temporal fenestraes called? Who have them?

Back 46

Diapsid: Snakes, Lizards, Crocodiles, Birds.

Front 47

What about one temporal fenestrae and who would have them?

Back 47

Synapsid: Mammals.

Front 48

Teeth that are fused by their bases to the outer surface of the jaw. The teeth are not firmly rooted and are easily lost and replaced.

Back 48

Acrodont

Front 49

What are teeths that are easily replaced titled?

Back 49

Polyphyodont

Front 50

One side of each tooth is fused to the inner surface of the jaw. This occurs in the Necturus, and in frogs and lizards. These teeth are usually polyphyodont.

Back 50

Pleurodont

Front 51

The teeth are securely anchored in a socket in the jaw.

Back 51

Thecodont

Front 52

Similar looking sets of teeth are classified as ______

Back 52

Homodont Condition

Front 53

Varieties of teeth functions, shape, and sizes are classified as ______________

Back 53

Heterodont Conditions

Front 54

Dense connective tissue that functions to provide stuctural support. It is derived from ____________.

Back 54

Derived from mesenchyme. Cartilage!

Front 55

___________, surround themselves with a matrix of polysaccharides and protein fibers. They are located in pits called ___________.

Back 55

1. Chondrocytes

2. Lacunae

Front 56

Hard, dense tissue. Composed of a matrix of protein fibers and calcium phosphate. What lives inside the lacunae of these?

Back 56

Bones. Inside the Lacunae, there are Osteocytes.

Front 57

How are bones formed?

Back 57

Ossification

Front 58

Bone tissues can be classified into two main types based on its method of formation. What are the two types?

Back 58

Intramembranous and Endochondral

Front 59

Ossification of Hyaline Cartilage

Back 59

Endochondral Bone

Front 60

Lengthening of the endochondrial bones occur when ___________ form new cartilage. What happens next?

Back 60

Epiphyses and then it is ossified into bone.

Front 61

What bones are formed from mesenchyme and ossified directly into bone? (Without cartilage being formed first)

Back 61

Intramemberanous Bones

Front 62

Type of intramemberanous bone that forms by intramemberanous ossification of mesenchyme of the dermis.

Back 62

Dermal Bone

Front 63

A sheet of fibrous connective tissue that surrounds the outer surface of each bone.

Back 63

Periosteum

Front 64

If a intramemberanous ossification then it is an _______________

Back 64

Intramemberanous bone

Front 65

If this intramemberanous bone forms from ossification of mesenchyme of the dermis, then it is ________________

Back 65

Dermal Bone

Front 66

If a bone forms mainly from endochondral ossification, then it is ______________________

Back 66

Endochondrial Bone

Front 67

What are the spaces in the trabeculae filled with?

Back 67

Marrow: A soft tissue containing blood vessels, nerves, and fat cells.

Front 68

What connects the Lacunae together as well as connecting the lacunae to the Haversian canals?

Back 68

Small Canaliculi

Front 69

What are the parts of a typical vertebrae?

Back 69

Centrum, Neural Arch, Hemal Arch.

Front 70

Forms locking devices between successive vertebrae.

Back 70

Zygapophyses

Front 71

How can you determine which is the front and which is the back?

Back 71

Anterior: Prezygapophyses = Up and Towards

Posterior: Postzygapophyses = Down and Away

Front 72

Tetrapods have zygapophyses while fishes do not. What is the purpose of zygapophyses?

Back 72

Prevent torsion and twisting of the vertebral column

Front 73

What are the purposes of a Diapophyses?

How about a Parapophyses?

Back 73

Smooth surfaces that pair up on each side of the centra in tetrapods, which articulate with two-headed ribs.

Front 74

Where is the Paraphophyses located?

How about the Diapophyses?

Back 74

Parapophyses are located on the centrum.

Diapophyses are located on the tranverse processes.

Front 75

Found only in the anterior caudal region of mammals. V-shaped midventral projections from the centrum.

Back 75

Hypopophyses.

Front 76

Lateral projections of the centrum which include short, fused, ribs.

Back 76

Pleurapophyses

Front 77

What are the five types of Centra?

Back 77

Amphicoelous, Opisthocoelous, Heterocoelous, Procoelous, and Acoelous.

Front 78

Which Germ Layer does Appendicular Skeleton derive from? (Be Specific)

Back 78

Somatic Hypomere Mesoderm

Front 79

Which Germ Layer does Kidney derive from? (Be Specific)

Back 79

Mesomere Mesoderm

Front 80

Which Germ Layer does Dermatome derive from? (Be Specific)

Back 80

Dermatome Epimere Mesoderm

Front 81

Which Germ Layer does Hearts and Vessels form from? (Be Specific)

Back 81

Splanchnic Hypomere Mesoderm

Front 82

What Germ Layer do Epidermis derive from?

Back 82

Somatic Ectoderm

Front 83

Central Nervous System (including brain and spinal cord) are derived from ________________

Back 83

Neural Plate Ectoderm

Front 84

Peripheral Nervous System and Splanchnocranium are derived from _______________

Back 84

Neural Crest Ectoderm

Front 85

Pancreas, Gall Bladder, and Lungs are all derived from _______________

Back 85

Endoderm

Front 86

When is the Coelom formed?

Back 86

Neurulation

Front 87

Differentiation of Mesoderm into _____ regions titled __________ _______________ _______________

Back 87

1. Three

2. Epimere, Mesomere, Hypomere

Front 88

Epimere is divided into 3:

Back 88

Dermatome, Myotome, Sclerotome

Front 89

What is a similar body function as mesenchyme in the frogs?

Back 89

Neural Crest Cells

Front 90

What is at the posterior region of the primitive streak? How about at the anterior region of the primitive streak?

Back 90

1. Kollers Sickle

2. Henson's Node

Front 91

What is the Chorion plus Allantois? What is its purpose?

Back 91

Chorioallantoic Membrane. It is allows for gas exchange.

Front 92

What does the Vitelline vessels do in the chick embryo?

Back 92

Brings nutrients to the embryo

Front 93

What are some key features of the amnion?

Back 93

Damps any damage,

Prevents the embryo from drying out

Suspension in the egg

Front 94

Which direction does the Henson Node move?

Back 94

From Anterior --> Posterior

Front 95

What is the meaning of Protosomes?

What is the meaning of Deuterostomes?

Back 95

Blastopore creates the mouth

Blastopore creates the anus.

Front 96

What is the meaning of Homologous Characters?

Back 96

Organisms that share a common ancestor will share characters that they inherit from their ancestors.

Front 97

What is the meaning of Monophyletic Group?

Back 97

They consist of one ancestor and all its descendants.

Front 98

Which group of centra types (vertebrae) do Chondichthyes, and Actinopterygii belong to?

Back 98

Amphicoelus

Front 99

Which two groups of centra types (vertebrae) can Sauropsids, and Amphibians belong to?

Back 99

1. Procoelus

2. Opisthocoelus

Front 100

Which group of centra types (vertebrae) do Mammals belong to?

Back 100

Acoelus

Front 101

Which group of centra types (vertebrae) do Aves and Parareptilia belong to?

Back 101

Heterocoelus