Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
154 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Link between anatomy & physiology |
function follows form |
|
|
10 fundamental TRAITS that constitute METABOLISM |
Movement Responsiveness Growth Reproduction Respiration Digestion Absorption Excretion Circulation Assimilation |
|
|
To maintain Metabolism requires |
Water, Food, Oxygen, Heat, Pressure |
|
|
What is Homeostasis |
The Central theme in physiology/and is a STABILIZING influence |
|
|
What are the components of a Negative feedback pathway? And when is it activated? |
Sensor, Integrator Effector Becomes activated BEFORE a physiological variable gets out of NORMAL WORKING RANGE |
|
|
What is an examples of negative feedback? |
Body temperature |
|
|
What does Positive feedback do? |
Leads to Instability. They must have a SELF-TERMINATING valve. (Child birth, Voltage gated Na+ Channels) |
|
|
Why do we eat? |
Provide FUEL, Essential NUTRIENTS, BIOSYNTHETIC MATERIALS |
|
|
What is the Energy Balance EQUATION? |
Energy Balance= Calories In/Calories Out |
|
|
What does it mean to be in Positive energy balance? And Negative? |
Gain weight Lose weight |
|
|
What happens with High blood glucose? Low blood glucose'? |
Insulin-store glucose-decrease blood glucose Glucagon-breakdown glycogen-glucose-increase blood glucose |
|
|
What are appetite supressors? |
leptin/PYY/insulin |
|
|
Appetite stimulants? |
ghrelin |
|
|
What is BMI |
body mass index= weight(kg)/height2(m) |
|
|
How many adults are obese? Overweight? |
1/3 of adults obese/ 70% overweight |
|
|
What is the Thrifty Gene Hypothesis |
Natural Selection favored the survival of those individuals who could store as many calories as possible, then burn them as slowly as possible |
|
|
What are essential nutrients? |
Amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, minerals |
|
|
How many amino acids do we have? |
8 essential amino acids (children 9 or 10) |
|
|
What is a protein deficiency? Example of Malnourished? Example of Undernourished? |
When you lack MULTIPLE amino acids Caloric intake OK just improper types, Kwashiorkor (inflated bellys). Lack of calories, Marasmus |
|
|
What are essential Fatty Acids? |
Polyunsaturated Fats |
|
|
What are Vitamins? Which are water-soluble? Fat-soluble? |
involved in essential metabolic reactions. Vitamin B's, Acids, Biotin, Vitamin C Vitamin ADEK (Remember ADEK=FAT) |
|
|
What are Minerals? Difference between Macro vs Trace |
Inorganic elements required by body. Macro >200mg/day, Trace <<200mg/day |
|
|
What are Specific Hungers? |
Nutrient Deficiency-rise in responsiveness and subsequent intake of foods that contain deficient substance (rats will choose food containing the nutrient they are deficient in) |
|
|
4 stages of Nutrient Processing? |
Ingestion-Digestion-Absorption-Elimination |
|
|
2 parts of Digestion |
Intracellular- intake by phagocytosis or pinocytosis(broken down then take in) Extracellular- digestion occurs in specialized compartments away from rest of body |
|
|
What happens in the first 10 sec of digestion? |
food goes into oral cavity, pharynx & esophagus Saliva- constituents; role of music, salivary amylase Swallowing- food enters esophagus- via peristalsis- stomach |
|
|
What happens in the next few hours? |
Food in stomach- activates stretch receptors Contents mixed with gastric juices by periodic contractions Activation of Pepsin by pepsinogen and HCl |
|
|
What are the cell types in the stomach |
Mucus cells, Chief cells (pepsinogen), parietal cells (HCl) |
|
|
What are the parts of the small intestine? |
Duodenum-Jejunum-Ileum |
|
|
What does the duodenum do? |
It is the primary site of enzymatic hydrolysis and nutrient absorption |
|
|
Where does intestinal juice secret from? |
pancreas, liver, gall bladder, epithelium |
|
|
What digests first in the mouth? |
Carbs |
|
|
What digests first in the stomach? |
Proteins |
|
|
What digests in the small intestine? |
Nucleic acid, Fats |
|
|
What increases the surface area in digestion? |
Villi (folds in intestine), Microvilli ("fingers" in epithelial cells) |
|
|
Where do nutrients absorb into? |
capillaries (amino acids) lacteals (fats) |
|
|
What is the primary function of the colon? What can happen if the colon is out of function? |
To reclaim water! It is moved by peristalsis. Diarrhea- too much water Constipation- not enough water |
|
|
What do chylomicrons do? |
Water soluble phospholipids, cholesterol and proteins that leave the epithelial cells and enter the lymphatic system via lacteals |
|
|
What are the types of Circulatory Systems |
Gastrovacular cavities- simple diffusion Open Circulatory systems- hemolymph, vessels, pump, OSTIA bathes tissues Closed circulatory systems- blood confined to vessels, arteries away from heart, veins to heart, capillaries smallest vessels |
|
|
How many stomachs does a cow have and what is it called? |
4. Ruminents |
|
|
What organisms have open circulatory systems? |
insects, arthropods, mulloscs |
|
|
What organisms have closed circulatory systems? |
vertebrates; earthworms, squid, octopus |
|
|
Difference between double circulation and single |
Goes to the left and right. Only goes one way. |
|
|
What is the pathway of blood flow? |
Right ventricle, pulmonary artery, capillaries of right/left lung, pulmonary vein, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta, capillaries of head and forelimbs, capillaries of abdominal organs and hind limbs, anterior vena cava, posterior vena cava, right atrium, back to beginning |
|
|
T/F The release of insulin from the pancreas is an example of an effector |
True |
|
|
T/F Blood returns to Lungs return to heart by left atrium |
True. It is oxiginated blood |
|
|
What is the role of Atrioventricular valves and Semilunar valves? |
They provide a one-way route for blood |
|
|
What is Stenosis and Regurgitation? |
Failure of valve to OPEN fully Failure of valve to close tightly |
|
|
What is one cardic cycle? |
atrial & ventricular diastole, atrial systole contraction, ventricular systole;atrial diastole |
|
|
What is the Cardiac Output |
heart rate (beats/min) x stroke volume (volume of blood out of left ventricle) |
|
|
What are the SA and AV nodes? |
SA 70bpm, AV 45 bpm. They drive the cardiac cycle. SA wins. |
|
|
What is depolarization? |
The change in electrical activity of the heart muscle- associated with the INCREASE in activity. (contractions) |
|
|
What is blood pressure? |
the product of Cardiac output and Total peripheral resistance |
|
|
What do Ventricular contractions do? |
Create blood pressure, and it is stored in the elastic walls of arteries (blows up like a balloon) |
|
|
What is the skeletal muscle pump/respiratory pump? |
Contraction of skeletal muscle forces blood back toward the heart. When we inhale, pressure changes in throacic cavity favor blood flow to heart |
|
|
What is the fluid exchange for osmotic pressure? |
If blood pressure>osmotic pressure-to tissues If blood pressure |
|
|
What is the major cause of mortality? |
Cardiovascular diseases |
|
|
What are the 4 processes of Respiration? |
ventilation, exchange gas at lungs, transport in blood, exchange gas at tissues |
|
|
What is Fick's law of Diffusion? |
Concentration difference x Surface Area x T/ (square root molecular weight) x distance |
|
|
Respiratory surfaces diffuse fast when... slow? |
Thin and large= fast (tendency) Big small= slow |
|
|
2 types of respiratory surfaces |
1. entire surface area (every cell) 2. Skin breathers 3. gills 4. tracheal systems 5. lungs |
|
|
What is the respiration in aquatic organisms? |
Countercurrent exchange (O2 gradient favors entry into the blood) Water & blood flow in opposite directions over gill capillaries |
|
|
What do large organisms use in Tracheal systems? Small? |
They use air sacs when compress and expand with body movements. They have openings on surface of body (spiracles) that allow air in. |
|
|
Where are lungs found? |
Separate, discrete sites within the body- must be integrated with the circulatory system. |
|
|
Structures and specializations found within mammalian respiratory system? |
trachea and bronchi; cilia; alveoli; elastin fibers; fusion of alveolar and capillary membranes |
|
|
What is Boyle's Law? |
P1V1=P2V2 change V, P changes |
|
|
Positive Pressure Breathers Negative Pressure Breathers |
amphibians (no ribs, diaphragm) increase V or thoracic cavity, P decreases-air comes in |
|
|
What is the control of Ventilation |
increase activity-increase CO2-decrease blood pH. The decrease in pH/increase in CO2 signals medulla to increase rate/depth of ventilation |
|
|
What shifts the oxyhemglobin binding curve to the left? to the right? What do these mean for oxygen delivery? |
less O2 is released per given PO2 More O2 is released per given PO2 (increase temp, increased P CO2, decreased pH) This means O2 binding at the lungs is not greatly affected but delivery to the tissues IS alteres |
|
|
What is the Bohr Shift? |
anaerobic exercise- rise in lactic acid low in pH- more O2 released at active tissues |
|
|
What is Osmosis? |
Movement of water, rather than solutes to maintain equillibrium |
|
|
What is isosmotic?
Hyperosmotic? Hypoosmotic? |
when two solutions have same osmolarity when one solution has greater osmolarity when one solution has more dilute solution |
|
|
What are osmoconformers? Osmoregulators? |
Isosmotic with environment (marine), drink a lot urinate a little Controls own internal osmolarity (terrestrial and freshwater and some marine) (drink little, urinate a lot) |
|
|
What are stenohaline organisms euryhaline? |
can withstand only narrow ranges in external osmolarity (goldfish) can tolerate DRASTIC changes in external osmolarity (tilapia) |
|
|
What do sharks do? |
they are Hyperosmolar to sea water- water enters tissues by osmosis |
|
|
How to land animals prevent water loss? |
keratinized skin, shells, exoskeletons, nocturnal behaviors. |
|
|
What are the processes of excretion? |
Filtration, Reabsorption, Secretion, Excretion |
|
|
What are the excretory systems? |
Protonephridia, Metanephridia, Malphigian tubules, kidneys They have tube-like structures, large surface area, transport H20 solutes, nitrogenous wastes |
|
|
What is the functional unit of the kidney |
the nephron -cortical lies in the cortex -juxtamedulllary extend tubules deep in medulla |
|
|
What is the route of the nephron? |
Bowman's capsule, proximal tubule, loop of henle, descending loop, ascending loop, distal tubule, collecting duct, renal pelvis |
|
|
what is the role of vasopression |
it is the ADH hormone that inhibits diuresis (removal of excess water from the body in the urine. |
|
|
What is RAAS and ANP |
low blood pressure/volume to increase increase blood pressure/volume to decrese |
|
|
What are the types of neurons |
sensory, motor, interneurons |
|
|
What are glial cells |
support cells in the nervous system, 50x numerous as neurons |
|
|
What does depolarization do? Hyperpolarization? |
increase activity decrease activity |
|
|
How do you change the membrane potential? |
opening and closing ion channels |
|
|
What does the nernst equation do |
describes the equilibrium potential for any ion based upon charge and concentration gradient |
|
|
How do channels open? |
changes in the membrane (voltage gated or stretch gated channels) ligand gated channels leak channels |
|
|
T/F All action potentials are preceded by graded potentials |
True |
|
|
What do the nodes of ranvier do? |
they distribute ion channels |
|
|
What are AMPA NMDA? |
cation selective Na K perm to Na, K & Ca |
|
|
What types of Synaptic transmissions are there |
electrical- fast, reliable, limited flexibility chemical- much more common, chemical messenger |
|
|
What are the steps in chemical synaptic transmission? |
1. AP travels down and depolarizes opening voltage gated Ca+ channels 2. this opens voltage gated Ca+ channels, Ca+ enters cell E is very positive (Ca always goes into cell) 3. influx of Ca+ leads to fusion of synaptic vesicles containing neurotransmitter with the presynaptic membrane 4. vesicles release their neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft 5. neurotransmitter binds to ligand gated ion channels causing them to open 6. neurotransmitter diffuses away ending the signal |
|
|
Where is long term potentiation? |
in the hippocampus but LTP is elsewhere as well |
|
|
How do you transduce sensory stimuli? |
Electrical signals (sensory transduction) |
|
|
What are the classes of sensory receptors? |
Mechanoreceptors (hearing & balance) Thermoreceptors Chemoreceptors Electromagnetic receptors nociceptors |
|
|
What are the two effects of stimulus duration? |
Tonic receptors (constant response) Phasic receptors(underlie sensory adaptation) |
|
|
How do insects hear? |
body hairs, tymphanic membranes |
|
|
What are the parts of mammalian hearing? |
outer, middle, inner ear ossicles (middle ear bones) cochlea- organ of Corti |
|
|
What is the movement through the cochlea? |
oval window, vestibular canal, helicotrema, tymphanic canal, round window (OW,VC,H,TC,RW) |
|
|
What part of the ear detects frequency and pitch? |
The basilar membrane (at Oval Window. Narrow/stiff=high, wide/flexible=low) |
|
|
How do the otolith organs move? |
Utricle-horizontal Saccule-vertical Otoconia-calcium carbonate crystals |
|
|
What do each of the nutrient recognitions taste? |
Sweet-carbs Salty-minerals Umami-proteins Bitter-not good for us |
|
|
What channel does the olfactory transduction pathway open? |
A Cl- channel that depolarizes the cell |
|
|
What are the excitatory channels? Inhibitory? |
Na, Ca, cation. K, Cl |
|
|
What is the sliding filament theory? |
I bands- actin filament-shortens during contraction A bands- where actin/myosin overlap-unchanged H zone- myosin only-shortens Z line- delineates sarcomere;where actin attaches-shortens M line- site of myosin attachment-unchanged |
|
|
What increases the tension of the whole muscle? |
The increasing of the # of fibers contracting
Increasing the rate of contraction |
|
|
What are the functions of the immune system? |
Protection from pathogens Remove dead/damaged tissue Recognition and removal of abnormal cells |
|
|
What is innate immunity? Adaptive? |
Present/operation BEFORE pathogenic infections
After pathogen exposure-mount specific attack |
|
|
What two cells are in adaptive |
B cells- secrete antibodies T cells- recognizes antigens |
|
|
Does vaccinations fall under active immunity or passive? |
Passive |
|
|
Are lymphocytes antigen specific? |
Yes |
|
|
What is genetic drift? |
Change in frequency of allele due to random sampling |
|
|
What is peramorphosis? |
Have more adult features |
|
|
What is paedomorphosis? |
Retain more juvenille features |
|
|
What is polyploidy? Autopolyploidy? Allopolyploidy? |
Increase # of chromosomes
Double # of chromosomes
Messed up chromosomal segregation changes # of chromosomes (more common) |
|
|
Directional selection Disruptive Stabilizing |
Guppie size. Straight up vertical
Bill size in African finches U formation
Gall size in Gall fly upside down U |
|
|
What is gene flow? |
Movement of individuals between subpopulations. Counteracts genetic drift, prevent local adaptation |
|
|
Where did the taung child come from? |
Australopithecus africanus |
|
|
What is unique about Paranthropus? |
Saggital crest |
|
|
What tools did Homo Habilus use? |
Oldowan tools |
|
|
Which was Turkana boy? |
Homo ergaster |
|
|
Which was the first species out of Africa? |
Homo erectus |
|
|
What tools did homo erectus use? |
Acheulean tools |
|
|
What tools did Neanderthals use and what was special about them? |
Mousterian tools/occipital bun |
|
|
What tools did Homo sapiens use? |
Aurignacien tools |
|
|
What is the line of primates? |
Strep-tarsiers-platyrihines-cerc-catarrhines-hominoids |
|
|
How do you know if a population is the same, growing or shrinking in a life table |
R=1 (same) R>1 (growing) R<1 (shrinking) |
|
|
What is the exponential growth for growing and shrinking? |
R>0 growing R=0 stable R<0 shrinking |
|
|
What is the exponential growth equation? |
dN/dt=rmaxN(k-n/k)
(R is constant) |
|
|
Positive/negatives for Competition Consumer-victim Mutualism Commensalism Amensalism |
- - + - + + + 0 - 0 |
|
|
What is difference between constitutive and induced chemical defenses? |
Born in plant
Only in danger |
|
|
Difference between fundamental and realized niche |
It CAN occupy place
It DOES occupy place
-can never have bigger realized niche- |
|
|
Ochre engravings, beads? And awls in the Blombos, South Africa cave date from as far back as |
80,000 |
|
|
Tools were made by hominids since about |
2 million years ago |
|
|
What is the morganucadon |
Earliest mammal |
|
|
Among primates the Haplorhines form the sister group to the Strepsirhines |
True |
|
|
What is associated with operant conditioning? |
Associated with a reward or punishment |
|
|
A factor that regulates a population is generally one that |
Acts in a positively density dependent way |
|
|
T/F K decreases as a population size becomes larger in the logistic model of population growth |
False |
|
|
T/F the fundamental niche must be bigger than or the same size as, the realized niche |
True |
|
|
What is the closest relative of the gibbon |
Human |
|
|
Learning that is paired with neutral with non neutral |
Classical conditioning |
|
|
A survivorship curve that rises steeply then drops at later ages is |
Impossible |
|
|
High endemism increases the risk of human-caused extinction. Like the |
Hawaiian honeycreepers |
|
|
What are 1' lymphoid tissues? |
Thymus gland & bone marrow |
|
|
What are 2' lymphoid tissues? |
Encapsulated- spleen, lymph nodes
Unencapsulated- collection of immune cells in various tissues |
|
|
What is included in Haplerhines? |
Tarsiers, platyrhinnes, cercopithecoides, hominoids |
|
|
What is included in Haplerhines? |
Tarsiers, platyrhinnes, cercopithecoides, hominoids |
|
|
What is included in anthropoids? |
Platyrhinnes, cercopithecoides, hominoids |
|
|
What is catarhinnes |
Cercopithecoides, hominoids |
|
|
What is semelparity? |
One reproductive cycle |
|
|
What is iteroparity? |
Multiple babies (humans) |
|
|
What are plasma cells? |
Anti producing cells that secrete antibodies during active infection |
