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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What is the SRY gene? |
The gene that produces the protection that codes for male characteristics |
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Y-linked traits only affect? |
Males |
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What is distance? |
Referring to how often recombinant gametes appear |
Referring to recombinant and parental gametes |
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What is 50cM? |
50% recombinant, 50% parental |
How many of each? |
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How is distance between genes reported? |
Map units (mu), centiMorgans (cM), and percent recombination |
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What are alleles? |
Different versions of the same gene |
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What is linkage? |
When genes are really close together on the same chromosome. |
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Likelihood for linked genes to be recombinant |
The closer together genes are on a chromosome, the more unlikely they are to be recombinant. |
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What is recombinant? |
Mixing of alleles |
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What is a locus is biology? |
Where genes are closely located in an area |
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What are the meiotic products of recombinance? |
2 parental, 2 recombinant |
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What are the products of 15% recombinance? |
2 parents, 85% (42.5% per) 2 recombinant, 15% (7.5% per) |
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How to calculate cM? |
# of recombinants / total progeny |
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If a rabbit has 50 progeny and 38 of them are parental gametes, what is the cM? |
24 cM, or 24%. 50-38 =12. 12/50=.24 |
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What is the percentage of sons affected by x-linked recessive traits? |
100% |
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What is Codominance? |
Multiple alleles expressed at the same time |
blood types |
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What is incomplete dominance |
when heterozygotes have their own unique phenotype |
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in the following genotype, how many alleles do you expect to see in a gamete? AaBb |
2 alleles with 1/2 the genetic information |
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What is the phenotypic ratio in a dihybrid cross? |
9:3:3:1 |
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What is a dihybrid cross? |
crossing of 2 heterozygous gametes |
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What is a word synonymous with heterozygous? |
Hybrid |
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What is true breeding? |
crossing of homozygous genes |
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What is the multiplication rule? Use: AaBb X AaBb |
Multiply the odds. A_B_ = 3/4 x 3/4 = 9/16 or 9 of 16 A_bb = 3/4 x 1/4 = 3/16 or 3 of 16 aaB_ = 1/4 x 3/4 =3/16 or 3 of 16 aabb = 1/4 x 1/4 = 1/16 or 1 of 16 |
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What is a genetic risk factor? |
Any mutation that increases the risk of disease in an individual |
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What is polymorphism? |
any genetic difference among individuals that is present in 2+ individuals |
is a result of a genetic mutation in the past that has spread through the population |
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What is the ultimate factor in genotype differences? |
mutations |
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What make's diseases more likely to occur, but doesn't cause the disease?
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genetic risk factor |
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what are neutral mutations? |
negligible effects on survival or reproduction |
ability to taste flavor of PTC |
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How do mutations occur? |
- from mistakes in DNA replication or - from unrepaired damage to DNA |
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Likelihood of mutation of individual nucleotide |
rare |
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Likelihood of mutation across the genome |
common |
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What are hotspots? |
cites in genome that are especially mutable |
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What does crossing over do? |
Shuffles alleles between two homologous chromosomes |
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Mendels Laws |
- law of segregation - law of independent assortment |
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Law of segregation |
each parent will pass on 1/2 of their alleles |
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Law of Independent Assortment |
traits are inherited independently |
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What is genotype |
the alleles that you posess |
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Allele and genotype of homozygous dominant |
Genotype: AA Alleles: 2 dominant alleles |
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Allele and genotype of homozygous recessive |
Genotype: aa Alleles: 2 recessive alleles |
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Allele and genotype of heterozygous |
Genotype: Aa Alleles: 1 dominant allele, 1 recessive allele |
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What is Phenotype? |
actual expression of a gene |
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Draw a punnet square for F1, and F2 generation of: - P generation: AA x aa What is the genotypic ratio and phenotypic ratio of both P and F1 generation? |
F1: 4 heterozygous Aa F2: 1:2:1, 1 AA, 2 Aa, and 1 aa |
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What is a testcross? |
Helps you find out if the dominant parent is heterozygous or homozygous dominant. Mate to the recessive!! |
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How to cross for two traits at the same time? |
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Use FOIL method |
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What are exceptions to Mendels' laws? |
- Incomplete Dominance - Codominance - Epistasis - Pleiotropy - Multifactorial Traits and - Polygenic |
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What is incomplete dominance
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Heterozygotes that have their own unique phenotype |
Cross between a white and red snapdragon results in a pink snapdragon |
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What is Codominance |
multiple alleles are expressed at the same time |
Like blood types |
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What is pleiotropy? |
It is one single gene that causes lots of different effects/ causes multiple traits/phenotypes |
ex. cystic fibrosis causes radiating issues |
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What is epistasis? |
It is a dihybrid cross that does not end in 9:3:3:1 |
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Important rule of epistasis; give example of a genotypic ratio |
a dihybrid cross must still equal 16 and they must be a collapsing of the groups. ex. 12:3:1 or 9:6:1 or 9:7 |
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What is polygenic? |
Traits that are a product of multiple genes i.e. Eye color or skin color |
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What are multifactorial traits? |
Traits affected by genes AND the environment. Must be both/ have multiple factors. |
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In a pedigree chart what does a filled in shape mean? |
That the trait you're looking at is present in those individuals |
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In a pedigree chart what does a single line connected to a man and a woman in the middle mean? |
they are a breeding couple |
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In a pedigree chart what does a double line connected to a man and a woman in the middle mean? |
that the breeding couple is closely related |
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In a pedigree chart, how are the generations marked? |
With roman numerals |
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Steps to solving a pedigree chart |
1. Guess if the trait is dominant or recessive. 2. Fill in chart according to your guess 3. Check to see if it's possible 4. Adjust to new dominant or recessive type narrative. |
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How to write a sex-linked cross |
write the sex chromosomes first, then write the alleles above sex chromosome. |
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What is a carrier |
Someone who possesses a recessive allele, but does not express it. Any heterozygous individual |
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What is hemizygous Who is hemizygous |
Having only 1 allele Males, since they only have one coding allele |
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In an X^N X^N x X^nY cross, what is the phenotype of the individuals produced? |
Two heterozygous females and 2 Hemizygous dominant males |
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In an X^N X^n x X^NY cross, what is the phenotype of the individuals produced? |
1 Homozygous Dominant Female 1 Heterozygous Female 1 Hemizygous Dominant Male 1 Hemizygous Recessive Male |
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What is a wildtype allele and how is it notated? |
A wildtype allele is the most common phenotype in a population it is considered what is "normal". It is notated with a + above the sex chromosome |
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What is a mutant allele and how is it notated? |
It is anything that is not the most common phenotype in a population. It is notated by a - above the sex chromosome |
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If a trait is X-linked recessive, how many of her sons will be affected? |
100% of her sons will be affected |
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