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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What three things make up the plasma membrane? |
phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins |
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six proteins in the plasma membrane |
channels, transporters, receptors, enzymes, linkers, and cell identity markers |
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channels |
pores that allow passage of substances |
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transporters |
shuttle substances across membrane |
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receptors |
points of attachment for some substances |
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enzymes |
participate in reactions occurring at the membrane |
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linkers |
help to attach cells to each other |
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cell identity markers |
unique to a cell and important for recognizing self from non-self |
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fluid mosaic model |
thaton the plasma membrane, things do not stay in the same place>^
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cytoplasm |
substance that fills cells from nuclear membrane to plasma membrane; most components of the cell can be found in the cytoplasm |
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nucleus |
contains genetic material and responsible for directing cell activities |
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nucleolus |
responsible for synthesizing ribosomes |
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Where is the nucleolus located? |
within the nucleus |
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ribosomes |
responsible for manufacturing of proteins; made up of rRNA and protein |
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smooth endoplasmic reticulum |
synthesis of lipids |
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rough endoplasmic reticulum |
contains ribosomes, which are necessary for protein synthesis |
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mitochondria |
synthesis of ATP |
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golgi apparatus |
sorts and packages compounds for transport |
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lysosomes |
remove waste and foreign substances; involved in destroying old or damaged cells |
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peroxisomes |
break down harmful substances produced in metabolism |
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vesicles |
sacs used for storage; move materials in or out of cell |
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cytoskeleton |
gives shape to the cell; allows cell to move and change shape |
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cilia |
hair-like projections on surface which coordinate movement |
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flagella |
whip-like extensions from cell with undulating motion |
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energy |
the ability to do work |
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two types of energy |
potential and kinetic |
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first law of thermodynamics |
energy can never be created or destroyed; it can only be transferred or transformed |
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second law of thermodynamics |
every energy transfer or transformation increases entropy |
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entropy |
the amount of disorder or chaos in a system |
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enthalpy |
the total energy in a system |
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endergonic reactions |
reactions that require energy input |
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exergonic reactions |
reactions that release energy |
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Gibb's free energy |
energy that is able to perform work |
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the four major reactions involved in cellular resporation |
Glycolysis,Formation of Acetyl CoA, Kreb’s Cycle, and Electron Transport Chain
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cellular respiration equation |
C6H12O6 + 6 CO2 --> 6 CO2 + 6 H20 + energy |
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glycolysis |
glucose is broken down to pyruvate; NADH and ATP are released |
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Where does glycolysis occur? |
in the cytoplasm |
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Where does formation of acetyl CoA occur? |
the mitochondria |
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Where does the Kreb's cycle take place? |
the mitochondria |
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Where does the electron transport chain take place? |
the mitochondria |
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What happens when pyruvate is combined with CoA? |
NADH and CO2 are released |
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What is released during the Kreb's cycle? |
NADH, FADH2, CO2, and ATP |
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three steps of the electron transport chain |
1.) NADH and FADH2 deliver their hydrogens to proteincomplexes in the inner membrane 2.) The electrons get passed from proteincomplex to protein complex, losing energy along the way. 3) .Energy from the electrons is used to pumpprotons (H+ ) 4.)The protons are used to turn an “ATPturbine” |
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photosynthesis equation |
6 CO2 + 6 H20 + light energy --> C6H12O6 + 6 O2 |
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five steps of light dependent reactions |
1.) Watermolecules are split apart,producing electrons, hydrogen ions, and O2 gas
2.) Electronsfrom the split water are passed along an electron transport chain 3.) Energystoring ATP molecules are produced 4.) Electronsare re-energized and passed down another electron transport chain 5.) Energystoring NADPH molecules are produced |
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What are Light Independent Reactions known as? |
the Calvin cycle |
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the five steps of the Calvin cycle |
1.) CO2is combined with RuBP to yield a 6C sugar
2.) 6Csugar is broken into TWO 3C sugars 3.) NADPHand ATP supply the energy for the conversion 4.) Mostof the 3C sugar gets recycled back into the into the Calvin cycle as RuBP 5.)Theremainder gets converted into carbohydrate |
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Where do light independent reactions occur? |
the stroma of the choloroplast |
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the ultimate goal of the Calvin cycle |
glucose |
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four steps of the cell cycle |
interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis, differentiation |
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interphase |
growth and duplication of cells contentes |
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three stages of interphase |
G1, S, and G2 |
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G1 |
most cellular growth
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S |
synthesis of DNA |
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G2 |
growth phase |
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mitosis function |
to increase cell number for growth and development |
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four stages of mitosis |
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase |
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prophase |
chromosomes condense, nuclear envelope disappears, nucleolus disappears, spindle fibers form |
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metaphase |
chromosomes align at center plane and spindle fibers attach to sister chromatids |
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anaphase |
chromatids move away from each other |
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telophase |
chromosomes approach centrioles, chromosomes begin to uncoil, nuclear envelope reappears, nucleolus becomes visible, plasma membrane begins to punch together |
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cytokinesis |
cytoplasmic division |
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two stages of meiosis |
meiosis I and meiosis II |
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prophase I |
chromosomal crossover |
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metaphase I |
chromosomes align along equator |
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anaphase I |
chromosomes pulled apart, but sister chromatids remain together |
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telophase I |
both daughter cells have half the chromosomes |
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prophase II |
thickening of chromatids |
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metaphase II |
alignment along equator |
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anaphase II |
separation of chromatids |
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telophase II |
produces four daughter cells |
