Biogeography Test 2

Front 1

Dispersal

Back 1

movement of individuals away from their birthplace. Includes immigration/emmigration

Front 2

Active Dispersal

Back 2

movement on own power (crawling, flying)

Front 3

Passive Dispersal

Back 3

carried by wind, currents, other organisms. Ex. coconuts, cotton woods

Front 4

Vagility

Back 4

ability to move distances, varies with taxa

Front 5

Jump dispersal

Back 5

crossing wide barriers. "Sweepstakes"

Front 6

Founder Effect

Back 6

type of genetic drift, due to small population size

Front 7

Diffusion

Back 7

steady expansion of species too rapid for evolution

Front 8

Secular migration

Back 8

spread is so lsow that specie undergoes evolution

Front 9

Barrier

Back 9

biotic or abiotic feature that restricts movement of individuals to a new site

Front 10

Psychological Barrier

Back 10

not leaving an area even though they can

Front 11

Corridor

Back 11

route that permits spread of many or most taxa from region to another, unselective

Front 12

Filter

Back 12

Selective, results in non-random subsets of fauna moving

Front 13

Sweepstakes

Back 13

unselective, random, rare

Front 14

Speciation

Back 14

formation of new species

Front 15

Genetic drift

Back 15

small population genetic change due to chance

Front 16

Natural selection

Back 16

reproduction of the fittest

Front 17

Morphological concept

Back 17

classic concept, based on distinguising traits

Front 18

Phenotypic variation

Back 18

life history related

Front 19

Biological species concept

Back 19

group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offsping

Front 20

Evolutionary species concept

Back 20

each independent lineage is recognized as a species

Front 21

Phylogenetic species concept

Back 21

species share unique derive characters

Front 22

Monophyly

Back 22

Share common ancestor

Front 23

Polyphyly

Back 23

share more than one common ancestor

Front 24

Character Displacement

Back 24

morphology becomes different when species co-occur

Front 25

Subspecies

Back 25

population that are genetically and morphologically distinct

Front 26

Variety

Back 26

used mostly with plants - denotes some variation in one or a few traits but not based on genetic distribution

Front 27

Ecotype

Back 27

distinct population in a specific habitat, used for plants

Front 28

Race

Back 28

geographically distinct groups

Front 29

Evolution

Back 29

change in gene frequency within a population

Front 30

Hardy-Weinberg

Back 30

1. Closed population
2. No selection, mutation
3. large population - no drift
4. Random mating - no sexual selection

Front 31

Microevolution

Back 31

population changes as a result of natural selection, mutation, genetic drift and gene flow

Front 32

Macroevolution

Back 32

large changes involving speciation and extinction

Front 33

False dichotomy

Back 33

difference is time

Front 34

Immigration

Back 34

new arrivals inject new genes ito existing population

Front 35

Emmigration

Back 35

those leaving take genes from existing population

Front 36

Allopatric Speciation

Back 36

speciation due to a geographic barrier

Front 37

Disruptive Selection

Back 37

strong environmental differences causing population to segment

Front 38

Convergent Evolution

Back 38

development of similar traits in geographically separated, non-related species

Front 39

Homology

Back 39

monophyly, shared derived traits

Front 40

Analogy

Back 40

convergent evolution, not same evolutionary lineage

Front 41

Parallel Evolution

Back 41

species that have a common ancestor yet have bene geographically separated develop similar traits

Front 42

Red Queen Hypothesis

Back 42

evolutionary history of life can be likened to a race with no winners - only losers

Front 43

Late Ordovician and Devonian Extinction

Back 43

Glacial event, many mariny invertebrates

Front 44

Permian Extinction

Back 44

Pangaea forms, worst extinction

Front 45

Triassic Extinction

Back 45

minor glacial event

Front 46

Cretaceous Extinction

Back 46

asteroid, dinosaurs, marine reptiles, and marine inverts

Front 47

Lyell

Back 47

Earth's geology not static, natural processes, Earth is old

Front 48

Overkill hypothesis

Back 48

states that humans are responsible for the mass extirpation of large herbivores and carnivores and scavengers dependent on them after the last glacial retreat

Front 49

Climatic explanation

Back 49

direct cause of extinction through increased aridity

Front 50

Endemism

Back 50

means occuring no where else, originate there and never disperse

Front 51

Cosmipolitan

Back 51

Widely distributed throughout the world

Front 52

Provinicialism

Back 52

when ranged are examined, one notices that endemic forms have clumped distributions

Front 53

Therapsids

Back 53

first mammals that appeared about the same time as dinosaurs

Front 54

Pantotheres

Back 54

led to modern mammals

Front 55

Panbiogeography

Back 55

have centers of origin and species spread to areas now occupied

Front 56

Cladistics

Back 56

attempt to reconstruct phylogeny using cladogram

Front 57

Synapomorphies

Back 57

shared derived characters