Biochemistry- Lipids #2

Front 1

Synthesis of TAGs:

Back 1

1. DHAP--> Glycerol- 3- phosphate (glycerol- 3 phosphate dehydrogenase, NADH-> NAD+)
2. Glycerol- 3- phosphate----> Monoacylglycerol-3- phosphate (acyltransferase) + CoA-S-FA
3. Monoacylglycerol- 3-phosphate----> phosphatidic acid (acyltransferase) + CoA-S- FA
4. Phosphatidic acid----> 1,2- Diacylglycerol (Phosphatidic acid phosphatase) + CoA-S-FA
5. 1,2- Diacylglycerol----> Triacylglycerol (acyltransferase) + CoA-S-FA

Front 2

Activation of TAG metabolism:
1. Phosphatidic acid phosphatase
2. Lipoprotein lipase

Back 2

1. Steroid hromones
2. Insulin and apolipoprotein C-II

Front 3

Degradation of phospholipids:

Back 3

Cleaved by phospholipases, are divided according to which bond they cleave.

Front 4

Where does TAg synthesis occur?

Back 4

In cytoplasm and ER of hepatocytes and adipocytes

Front 5

Lipoproteins:

Back 5

1. Carrier molecules that carry nonpolar hydrophobic lipids in an polar enviroment.
2. Contains apopproteins (signal molecules) on the surface of the phospholipids. In between the phospholipids there are cholesterol. And the inside contains TAGs and Cholesterol esters

Front 6

Lipoproteins:

Back 6

1. Chylomicrons
2. VLDL
3. IDL
4. LDL
5. HDL

Front 7

Chylomicrons function:

Back 7

Carry TAG from the intestine to the liver and adipose tissue

Front 8

VLDL function:

Back 8

Carry newly synthesized TAGs from the liver to peripheral tissue

Front 9

IDL function:

Back 9

Are intermediates between VLDL and LDL

Front 10

LDL function:

Back 10

Carry cholesterol from the liver to the cells of the body

Front 11

HDL function:

Back 11

Collect cholesterol from body`s tissues and brings it back to the liver. "Good fat".

Front 12

1. Effect of exercise on cholesterol
2. Effect of fiber in diet on cholesterol

Back 12

1. Exercise increases HDL and decreases LDL---> more cholesterol is transported back to the liver then is deposit in the tissues
2. Polysaccaride in fibers reacts with bile acids and increases excretion of bile acids---> more synthesis of bile acids which use cholesterol as substrate= decreases cholesterol level.

Front 13

LDL and atherosklerosis:

Back 13

LDL reacts with intima of blood vessels and calcium---> artherosklerosis

Front 14

Chylymicrons
1. Source
2. Principal lipids
3. Important apoproteins
4. They transport

Back 14

1. Intestine
2. TAG
3. B- 48, C-II
4. TAG from the diet to various tissues

Front 15

CHM remnants
1. Source
2. Principal lipids
3. Important apoproteins
4. They transport

Back 15

1. Chylomicrons
2. Cholesterol, TAG, Phospoholipids
3. B-48, E
4- Remnants of chylomicrons to the liver

Front 16

VLDL:
1. Source
2. Principal lipids
3. Important apoproteins
4. They transport

Back 16

1. Liver
2. TAG
3. C-II, B-100
4. Newly synthesized TAG to other tissues

Front 17

IDL:
1. Source
2. Principal lipids
3. Important apoproteins
4. They transport

Back 17

1. VLDL
2. Cholesterol, TAG, Phospolipids
3. B- 100
4. VDL remnants to other tissues

Front 18

LDL:
1. Source
2. Principal lipids
3. Important apoproteins
4. They transport

Back 18

1. VLDL
2. Cholesterol
3. B-100
4. Cholesterol to extrahepatic tissue

Front 19

HDL:
1. Source
2. Principal lipids
3. Important apoproteins
4. They transport

Back 19

1. Liver
2. Cholesterol
3. A-I, E, C-II
4. Cholesterol from tissues to liver

Front 20

LCAT:

Back 20

Enzyme involved in maturation of HDL. Transformes unesterified cholesterol to cholesterol esters.

Front 21

Physiological concentration of HDL in serum:

Back 21

< 2.6 mmol/L

Front 22

Physiological concentration of LDL in serum:

Back 22

<3.9 mmol/L

Front 23

Total physiological concentration of cholesterol:

Back 23

< 5.0 mmol/L

Front 24

How to influence LDL level in blood:
1. Decrease
2. Increase

Back 24

1. Diet with higher content of unsaturated FA, estrogens, low intake of alcohol, statins
2. Diet with high content of animal fats, deficiency or mutation of LDL receptors, diabetes, intake of a high amount of alcohol and smoking