Biochemistry Exam 1

Front 1

What is biochemistry?

Back 1

it is the field that studies chemistry of biological systems ; it is understanding life at a molecular level

Front 2

What are the 5 features of life?

Back 2

1. life is cellular
2. life is complex and dynamic
3. life is organized and self sustaining
4. life in information based
5. life adapts and evolves

Front 3

~210 cell types in humans;
built of a complex of biomolecules --> organelles --> a cell --> organs/tissues--> the human body --> Carbon/Hydrogen/ Oxygen/ Nitrogen

Back 3

life is organized and self sustaining

Front 4

for cells to split and form it requires DNA to replicate and DNA -> RNA -> proteins

Back 4

life is information based

Front 5

parental cell splits into 2 daughter cells ; spontaneous mutations (from one generation to the next); 1/10 to the 8th bp (base pairs)

Back 5

life adapts and evolves

Front 6

What are the physiological functions of aspirin?

Back 6

used since 19th century as analegis, anti-pyretic, and anti-inflammatory agent ( 1970's)

Front 7

What is the molecular mechanism of anti-inflammation effect of aspirin?

Back 7

a biochemical reaction requiring ezymes synthesize cycloxygenase ; from substrate Arachidonic acid to product; does not exist in the body alone we need S+E=P; without it inflammation exists; main answer:
Arachidonic acid -[]->PGH2--> prostaglandin
^ PGH2 or cyclooxygenase - apirin inhibits

Front 8

What are the four major classes of biomolecules?

Back 8

building blocks: amino acids, monoaccharides, fatty acids, nucleotides

Front 9

What is the macromolecules and function of monosaccharide?

Back 9

polysaccharides and energy sources and structure elements

Front 10

What is the macromolecules and function of fatty acids?

Back 10

lipids, energy source and structural elements

Front 11

What is the macromolecules and function of amino acids?

Back 11

polypeptides and proteins; catalyst, defence and structural elements

Front 12

What is the macromolecules and function of nucleotides?

Back 12

Nucleic acids: DNA & RNA ; genetic information

Front 13

What are the detailed functions and dynmaics of biomolecules?

Back 13

metabolic pathways, signal transduction pathways, and energy transduction pathways

Front 14

What are the major classes of biomolecules Monomers?

Back 14

amino acids (20 common) , monosaccharides (glucose) , fatty acids , nucleotides( A,T,C,G,U)

Front 15

what are the major classes of biomolecules Polymers?

Back 15

protein (~25,000; only know the function of 60%) , polysaccharides (starch), DNA & RNA, Fatty acids used to build lipids

Front 16

What are the 11 functional groups?

Back 16

hydroxyl, carboxylic, ketone, acetyl, methyl, amino, amide, phosphate, ester, ether, thiol

Front 17

a living cell that lacks a nucleus ; no defined nucleus and mostly bacterial cells

Back 17

prokaryotic

Front 18

a living cell that lacks a nucleus no defined nucleus , bacterial cells

Back 18

prokaryotic cells

Front 19

a living cell that possesses a true nucleus membrane bound with nucleus

Back 19

eukaryotic cell

Front 20

information from the cell suface to the nucleus

Back 20

signal transduction

Front 21

What is the difference in size between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Back 21

p = small and e= big ~1,000 times bigger

Front 22

What is the difference in genome between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Back 22

p = small ~ 5X10^6 bp; 3,000-5,000 proteins
e = ~3x10^9 bp
~25,000 proteins

Front 23

What is the difference in ribosome size between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Back 23

p=small
e= BIG

Front 24

Does prokaryoties or eukaryotes have other organelles?

Back 24

p =no
E= yes

Front 25

_____ is made of polysaccharides (peptidoglycans) and amino acids for prokaryotic cells

Back 25

cell wall

Front 26

_____ is a lipid bilayer (phospholipid) and membrane proteins : Prokaryotic cells

Back 26

cell membrane

Front 27

In prokaryotic cells there are 2 types of bacteria ______ and ______

Back 27

grain positive and grain negetive

Front 28

the ______ in prokaryoties is made up of genomic DNA , maybe plasmid DNA, and ribosomes

Back 28

cytoplasm

Front 29

the _____ in prokaryotes allows cells to attach to food sources and host

Back 29

pili

Front 30

the _____ in prokaryotic cells allows cells to move counter clockwise and change clock wise rotation directions

Back 30

flagella

Front 31

What are the differences between plant and animals cells?

Back 31

they are both eukaryotes; animal cells have no cell wall and they have no chloroplasts; plant cells have a wall and chloroplasts

Front 32

responsible for protein synthesis inside the ccell

Back 32

ribosomes

Front 33

responsible for citric acid cycle (TCA) ; fatty acid oxidation; oxidative phosphorilation --> generates ATP

Back 33

mitochondria

Front 34

sythesis and transportation of membrane proteins

Back 34

rough ER

Front 35

synthesis and transportation of lipids and steroids

Back 35

smooth ER

Front 36

post translational modification of memrbane proteins

Back 36

golgi apparatus

Front 37

maintain shape of cell

Back 37

cytoskeleton

Front 38

glycolysis pathway; pentose phosphate pathway; fatty acid biosythesis

Back 38

cytosol

Front 39

contain 2 enzymes : protease and nuclease

Back 39

lysosomes

Front 40

responsible for protein degradation

Back 40

protease

Front 41

DNA and RNA degradation

Back 41

nuclease

Front 42

oxidative reactions catalyzed by amino oxidase or catalyase

Back 42

peroxisomes

Front 43

What are the 4 types of weak forces?

Back 43

1. hydrogen bonds
2. van der walls
3. ionic bonds
4. hydrophobic effects

Front 44

Why are the weak forces important in biochemistry?

Back 44

1. molecular recognitions are mediated by weak forces (such as insulin and insulin receptor)
2. molecular complexes are mediated by weak force
(protein and DNA complex)
3. binding of substrates to enzymes is mediated by weak forces `

Front 45

What are the solvent properties of water?

Back 45

1. ions can be dissolved in water hydration shell
2. polar molecules (water is a good solvent for polar molecules)
3. non polar molecules
(water is a poor solvent for non polar molecules)
4. amphiphibic --> ampipathic = contains both polar and non polar regions

Front 46

What is pH?

Back 46

pH = -log[H+] ; in any aqeuous solution 1x10^-14 = [H+] [OH-]

Front 47

ph = 7?

Back 47

neutral

Front 48

pH > 7 ?

Back 48

basic

Front 49

pH < 7?

Back 49

acidic

Front 50

a kinetic rate expression that defines the relationship between pH, pKa and the concentration of the weak acid and conjugate base components of a buffer solution

Back 50

the Henderson Hasselbalch equation

Front 51

What is the HH equation?

Back 51

pH = pKa + log [A-]/[HA]

Front 52

____ is the dissociation constant?

Back 52

Ka

Front 53

the dissociation constant is equal to?

Back 53

[H+][A-]/ [HA]

Front 54

if [HA] = [A-] then ______

Back 54

pH = pKa

Front 55

What are buffers?

Back 55

solutions that resist changes in pH when an acid or a base is added

Front 56

What are the extracellular buffer and intracellular buffers?

Back 56

extracellular buffer(blood)= bicarbonate (CO2)
intracellular buffer = phosphate

Front 57

a concentrated solution with a high osmotic pressure

Back 57

hypertonic

Front 58

a dilute solution with a low osmotic pressure

Back 58

hypotonic

Front 59

a solution with exactly the same partible concentration as that inside the cells; there is no net movement of water in or out of the cells

Back 59

isotonic

Front 60

In an isotonic solution the osmotic pressure of the solution is ______ the osmotic pressure of the solution.

Back 60

equal to

Front 61

in hypotonic solution the osmotic pressure of the solution ________ the osmotic pressure of the pressure

Back 61

less than

Front 62

in a hypertonic solution the osmotic pressure of the solution ________ the osmotic pressure of the pressure

Back 62

greater than

Front 63

In an isotonic cell the water inside the cell is _____ the outside of the cell

Back 63

equal to; the size keeps the same

Front 64

In an hypotonic cell the water inside the cell is _____ the outside of the cell

Back 64

greater than ; increase in size until it bursts

Front 65

In an hypertonic cell the water inside the cell is _____ the outside of the cell

Back 65

less than ; shrinks in size

Front 66

What are systems?

Back 66

portion of the universe with which we concern ourselves

Front 67

What are the surroundings?

Back 67

everything else outside of the universe

Front 68

What are the types of systems?

Back 68

isolated systems , closed systems, and open systems

Front 69

no matter and energy exhcange between system and surroundings

Back 69

isolated systems

Front 70

exchange energy but not matter between system and surroundings

Back 70

closed system

Front 71

matter and energy exchange between system and surroundings

Back 71

open system

Front 72

cell culture would be the system; everything else would be the ______

Back 72

surroundings

Front 73

a _____ could be considered an open system

Back 73

living cell

Front 74

P=
S=
q=
E=
T=

Back 74

pressure
entropy
heat
energy
temperature

Front 75

w=
V=
H=
G=

Back 75

work
volume
enthalpy
Gibbs free energy

Front 76

the total energy of an isolated system is conserved

Back 76

the 1st law of thermodynamics ; the total amount of energy int he universe is constant . Energy can neither be created nor destroyed , but it can be transformed from one form to another

Front 77

delta E (in an isolated system) = 0
for a closed/open system delta E ___ 0

Back 77

is not equal to

Front 78

the system tend toward disorder and randomness

Back 78

the 2nd law of thermodynamics - the disorder of the universe is always increasing . Chemical and physical processes occur spontaneously only when the disorder of the universe increases

Front 79

the entropy of any crystalline, the perfect ordered substance is zero when temperature reaches 0K

Back 79

3rd law of thermodynamics

Front 80

a measure of the randomness of disorder of a system; a measure of that part of the total energy in a system that is unavailable for useful work

Back 80

entropy

Front 81

the heat content of a system; in a biological system it is essentially equivalent to the total energy of the system

Back 81

enthalpy

Front 82

the energy in a system available to do useful work

Back 82

free energy (Gibbs free energy)

Front 83

at constant pressure, enthalpy (H) is essentially equal to the total energy cotent of the system. A process is spontaneous if it decreases free energy. At constant temperature and pressure, free energy changes (delta G) are negative if enthalpy decreases or if the entropy term TdeltaS is sufficently large

Back 83

change of Gibbs free energy

Front 84

What is Gibbs free energy formula?

Back 84

delta G= delta H - TdeltaS

Front 85

if delta G < 0 then?

Back 85

spontaneous reaction , exothermic reaction (will give off energy/heat)

Front 86

if delta G = 0 then?

Back 86

the system is at equilibrium

Front 87

if delta G > 0 then?

Back 87

non spontaneous reaction, endothermic reaction the system

Front 88

as the temperature of a perfect crystalline solid approaches absolute zero (0 K) , disorder approaches zero

Back 88

3rd law of thermodynamics

Front 89

How important is Gibbs free energy?

Back 89

very important because it tells whether or not a reaction is spontaneous or not .

Front 90

What is a coupled reaction?

Back 90

chemical reaction with a common intermediate in which energy is transferred from one side of the reaction to the other. Consists of an exothermic reaction and then an endothermic reaction. The high energy molecules taken from the exothermic reaction enable the nonspontaneous endothermic reaction to take place

Front 91

What are the 6 physiological functions of ATP?
mb, cm,mt, gep,pp/ mp, aa rr mp

Back 91

1. molecular biosynthesis requires ATP
2. cell movement requires ATP
3. molecular transport requires ATP
4. Generation of electric potential requires ATP
5. Protein phosphorylation and metabolite phosphorylation requires ATP
6. AMP/ATP ratio reuglates metabolic pathways (when AMP/ATPincreases then [ATP] decreases and food is needed to generate ATP)