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78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What does biochemistry aim to describe?
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At the molecular level structures, mechanisms and chemical processes shared by all organisms and to explain the molecular logic of life.
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Health (as definted by the biochemical point of view)
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situation in which all of hte intra and extracellular reactions that occur in the body are in perfect harmony
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Disease (as definted by teh biochemical point of view)
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situation that reflects abnormalities in biomolecules and/or imbalances in biochemical reactions
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Level of organization in the human body
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atoms-->molecules-->marcomolecules-->organelles-->cells-->tissues-->organs
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what macromolecules can be found in cells?
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lipids (cell membranes)
proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates (organelles) |
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Essential elements for life
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H, C, O, S, N, P
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Five essential ions for life
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Na
K Cl Ca Mg |
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Iodine deficiency diseases
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-endemic goiter
-dwarfism -mental retardation |
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iron imbalance syndromes
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too much iron: Hemochromatosis-->liver cancer
too little iron: anemia --> low levels of healthy RBC's or Hemoglobin |
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copper imbalance syndromes
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too much Cu: wilson's disease
-Kayser-Fleisher ring (brown area around cornea) -slurred speech -difficulties in swallowing -tremor of arms and legs -possible psychiatric issues TOO LITTLE IRON: Menkes' Syndrome: Sparse, kinky hair; physical or mental retardation; progressive deteroration of the brain |
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Wilson disease
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result of too much copper
Kayser-Fleisher Ring (brown area around cornea) -slurred speech -difficulties in swallowing -tremor of arms and legs -possible psychiatric issues |
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Kayser-Flesisher ring
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Wilson's disease
results from too much Copper brown area around the cornea -slurred speech -difficulties in swallowing -tremor of arms and legs -posisble psychiatric issues |
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Menkes' syndrome
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result of too little copper.
-sparse, kinky hair -physical (and possibly mental) retardation -progressive deteroration of the brain |
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hemochromatosis
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result of too much iron
liver cancer |
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anemia
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result of too little iron
low levels of healthy RBC's or hemoglobin |
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Ionic bond
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complete transfer of electrons from one atom to another, forming oppositely charged atoms that electrostatically attract one another
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polar covalent bond
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a covalent bond that has an uneven distribution of electronic density due to an unequal sharing of bonding electrons
ex. H2O |
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non-polar covalent bond
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a covalent bond that has an equal electronic density due to an equal sharing of bonding electrons
ex. O2, H2, or Methany (CH4) |
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electronegativity
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a mathematic parameter that measures the force with which an atom attracts electrons that is shares in a chemical bond with another atom
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electronegativity of C, H, N, and O.
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O, N are more electronegative than C,H.
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Stereochemistry
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study of the 3D structure of molecules
-each organic molecule has a unique 3D shape that determines its biological function |
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Isomer
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different compounds with the same molecular formula
important because they can have different chemical, physical and biological properties |
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Consitutional isomer
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isomers whose atoms have different CONNECTIVITY
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stereoisomers
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isomers that have the SAME CONNECTIVITY but differ in the ARRANGEMENT of their atoms in SPACE
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light detection in the human eye
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Vitamin A (trans-RetinOl)-------> Cis-RetinOl (via isomerization)
Cis-RetinOL-----> Cis- RetinAL (via oxidtaion) Cis-retinAl--->trans-retinAL (via isomerization) Trans-retinAl--> rhodopsin (photoreceptor)---> Brain (so you can see in the light!) if there is no light, Cis-retinAl cant be isomerized into Trans-retinAL, and you would have nyctalopia (night blindness) |
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night blindness
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nyctalopia
caused by vitamin A deficiency |
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nyctalopia
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night blindness caused by vitamin A deficiency
normal vision is strong in light, but loss of vision in the dark or dim light. |
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Chiral atom
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A chiral atom is an atom in a molecule that is attached to 4 different atoms/groups
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mirror images
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everything has a mirror image, and some mirror images are superimposable, and others are not.
superimposable mirror image= ACHIRAL non-superimposible mirror image=CHIRAL BIOMOLECULES ARE CHIRAL!!! |
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are biomolecules chiral or achiral?
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CHIRAL!
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Chiral
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mirror images are not superimpossible
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achiral
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mirror images are superimposable
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enantiomers
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chiral stereoisomers that have identical chemical and physical properties, but different biological and optical ones.........
two mirrow images? |
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is life mostly chiral or achiral?
right or left handed? |
LIFE IS CHIRAL AND MOSTLY LEFT-HANDED
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amino acids
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contains an amino group(NH3) and a carboxyl ground (Coo-)
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alanine
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ala
hydrophobic non-polar alanyl |
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arginine
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arg
hydrophilic basic arginyl |
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asparganine
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asn
hydrophilic neutral asparaginyl |
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aspartic acid
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asp
hydrophilic acidic aspartyl |
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cysteine
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cys
hydrophilic neutral cysteinyl |
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glutamine
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gln
hydrophilic neutral glutaminyl |
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glutamic acid
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glu
hydrophilic acidic glutamyl |
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glycine
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gly
hydrophilic neutral glycyl |
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histidine
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his
hydrophilic basic histadyl |
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isoleucine
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hydrophobic non-polar isoleucyl |
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leucine
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leu
hydrophobic non-polar leucyl |
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lysine
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lys
hydrophilic basic lysyl |
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methionine
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met
hydrophobic non-polar methionyl |
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phenylalanine
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phe
hydrophobic non-polar phenylalanyl |
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proline
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pro
hydrophobic non-polar prolyl |
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serine
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ser
hydrophilic neutral seryl |
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threonine
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thr
hydrophilic neutral threonyl |
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tryptophan
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trp
hydrophobic non-polar tryptophanyl |
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tyrosine
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try
hydrophobic neutral tyrosyl |
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valine
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val
hydrophobic non-polar valyl |
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uncommon amino acids
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derived from common AA; produced by POST TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATION (modification of parent AA after the protein has been synthesized in the body)
1. Hydroproline (from Proline) 2. Hydrolysine (from lysine) 3. Thyroxine (from Tyrosine) |
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3 uncommon amino acids
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hydroproline (from proline)
hydrolysine (from lysine) thyroxine ( from tyrosine) |
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What are T3 and T4? What are their roles in the body biologically?
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T3 and T4 are made from tyrosin + iodine. Thyroid hormone is a mixture of T3 (80%) and T4(20%)
T3= 2 tyrosine + 3Iodine T4=2 tyrosine + 4 Iodine...usually converted to T3 by loss of a I T3: metabolically active thyroid hormone: increases BMR, heart rate and growth |
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What is the principle of L-dopa therapy for parkinson's disease?
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dopamine can't cross the BBB. When there are low levels of dopamine in the brain)(parkinson's disease), L-dopa is taken because it is able to cross the BBB after it gets into the systemic circulation. once L-dopa crosses the BBB it converts into dopamine
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What AA is the precursor of polyamines? What's the biological role of polyamines?
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Arginine produces polyamines.
polyamines: -DNA synthesis -Growth factor in cells -modulate ion channels |
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What AA is a precursor for Histamine? What does Histamine do?
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Histadine --->histamine
histamine is important in immune responses and allergic reactions: -neurotransmitter -triggers inflammatory response -increase capillary permeability to WBC's |
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What are the Essential Amino acids?
what does essential mean? |
Essential=required in the diet because the body can't synthesize them.
alanine//histidine//isoleucine//leucine//threonine//lysine//methionine//phenylalanine//tryptophan//valine |
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amphoteric (amphiprotic)
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having the capacity to act as both an acid and a base
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what is a biological buffer>
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compound or system of compoudsn that can either accept or donate H+ ions, depending on the acidic/basic character of the solution they're in
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homeostatic
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living organisms are self-regulating...theri life depends on HOMEOSTASIS= ability to maintain internal equilibrium by adjusting their physiological processes
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homeostatic systems in the body
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1. bicarbonate buffer system (lungs=fast)
2. phosphate buffer system (kidneys=slow) 3. protein buffer system |
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bicarbonate buffer system
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H+ + HCO3-->H2CO3-->CO2 (d) (H20 is given off)--->CO2 (g) in the lungs
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hypoventilation
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acidosis
ph<7.35 [H+]>[HCO3] usually from diseases affecting the lungs |
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hyperventillation
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Alkalosis
pH>7.45 [H+]<[HCO3] usually from stress, anxiety, fever, etc. |
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peptide bond
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bond joining two amino acids by eliminating a molecule of water between a carboxyl group from one AA and an amino acid group from the other
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peptide hormones in the body
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oxytocin: stimulates breast feeding and labor
-induces behavioral responses (social recognition, emotional attachment, anxiety, trust) 2. vassopressin (ADH) -regulates BP, antidiuretic 3. Carosine (beta-alanyl-L-hitidine): in muscle and brain tissues, powerful antioxidant |
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oxytocin
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a peptide hormone found in the body
stimulates breast feeding and labor induces behavioral responses: -social recognition -emotional attachment -anxiety -trust |
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Vasopressin (ADH)
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peptide hormone in the body
regulates BP antidiuretic |
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carnosine (beta-alanyl-L-histadine)
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peptide hormone in the body
found in muscle and brain tissues -a powerful antioxidant |
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hydrophilic
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"Water loving"
soluble in water due to ionic or polar covalent bonds |
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hydrophobic
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"water fearing"
insoluble in water due to non-polar covalent bonds |
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amphipathic
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partially hydrophilic and hydrophobic due to simultaneous presence of ionic and/or polar covalent and non-polar covalent bonds
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principle of water solubility
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"like dissolves like"
polar=dissolves polar non-polar=dissolves non-polar electrostatis attraction of opposite charges by ion-dipole and dipole-dipole interacctions: positive dipole of water attracts a negative ion or a negative dipole of another molecule |
